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    Chapter 6 Hydraulic Conductivity Permeability

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    Lexi Barcelon
    1) Hydraulic conductivity, also known as permeability, is a measure of how easily water can flow through pore spaces or fractures in soil or rock. It depends on factors like porosity, particle size, and fluid viscosity. 2) Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, which is the change in total head over the flow path length. Hydraulic conductivity is the proportionality constant in Darcy's law. 3) Hydraulic conductivity can be measured in the lab through constant head or falling head tests, and empirically estimated based on properties like grain size for granular soils. It is important for analyzing underground water flow

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    Chapter 6 Hydraulic Conductivity Permeability

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    Lexi Barcelon
    836 views25 pages
    1) Hydraulic conductivity, also known as permeability, is a measure of how easily water can flow through pore spaces or fractures in soil or rock. It depends on factors like porosity, particle size, and fluid viscosity. 2) Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, which is the change in total head over the flow path length. Hydraulic conductivity is the proportionality constant in Darcy's law. 3) Hydraulic conductivity can be measured in the lab through constant head or falling head tests, and empirically estimated based on properties like grain size for granular soils. It is important for analyzing underground water flow

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    1) Hydraulic conductivity, also known as permeability, is a measure of how easily water can flow through pore spaces or fractures in soil or rock. It depends on factors like porosity, particle size, and fluid viscosity. 2) Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, which is the change in total head over the flow path length. Hydraulic conductivity is the proportionality constant in Darcy's law. 3) Hydraulic conductivity can be measured in the lab through constant head or falling head tests, and empirically estimated based on properties like grain size for granular soils. It is important for analyzing underground water flow

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    836 views25 pages

    Chapter 6 Hydraulic Conductivity Permeability

    Uploaded by

    Lexi Barcelon
    1) Hydraulic conductivity, also known as permeability, is a measure of how easily water can flow through pore spaces or fractures in soil or rock. It depends on factors like porosity, particle size, and fluid viscosity. 2) Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, which is the change in total head over the flow path length. Hydraulic conductivity is the proportionality constant in Darcy's law. 3) Hydraulic conductivity can be measured in the lab through constant head or falling head tests, and empirically estimated based on properties like grain size for granular soils. It is important for analyzing underground water flow

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 25

    Geotechnical Engineering 1

    Chapter 6

    Hydraulic Conductivity
    (Permeability)
    References:
    Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering by: Braja M. Das
    An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering by: Robert Holtz, William D.
    Kovacs, and Thomas C. Sheanan

    Civil Engineering LOGO


    Key Terminology

    permeability hydraulic gradient


    coefficient of empirical equation
    permeability
    head pumping
    pressure head elevation head
    seepage velocity Seepage velocity

    LOGO
    Introduction
    Voids in soil are interconnected so that water in the voids can flow
    from points of high energy to points of low energy. The velocity of
    water flow in soil voids is rather small (e.g. 0.01 – 0.00001 cm/sec).

    Why do we need to study the flow of water in


    porous media??
    ● To estimate the quantity of underground seepage.
    ● To determine the quantity of water that can be discharged form
    a soil.
    ● To determine the pore water pressure/effective stresses, and to
    analyze earth structures subjected to water flow.
    ● To determine the volume change in soil layers (soil
    consolidation) and settlement of foundation.

    LOGO
    Introduction
    Flow of water in soils depends on…..
    ● Porosity of the soil.
    ● Type of soil (particle size, particle shape, degree of packing).
    ● Viscosity of the fluid (temperature, chemical components).
    ● Total head (pressure head, velocity head, and elevation
    head)

    The degree of compressibility of a soil is expressed


    by the coefficient of permeability of the soil “k”

    (k) cm/sec, ft/sec, m/sec

    LOGO
    Bernoulli’s Equation
    The total head (energy) of water at a point can be given
    by the sum of the pressure, velocity, and elevation heads.

    pressure velocity elevation


    head head head

    In a porous media, the groundwater flow is very slow, and


    it is common to assume v = 0, and therefore, Bernoulli’s
    equation reduces to the simple,

    LOGO
    Bernoulli’s Equation
    ● With a given datum plane (horizontal plane), the elevation head is
    the vertical distance of a given point above or below it.
    ● The pressure head represents the height of water table in an open
    standpipe (piezometer) above the point of measurement.

    u = pore water pressure

    Δh = total head loss

    hydraulic gradient (i) =


    total head loss per unit
    distance.

    LOGO
    Bernoulli’s Equation
    Variation of velocity, v with hydraulic gradient, i

    In most soils, the flow of water through the void


    spaces can be considered laminar, thus,
    LOGO
    Darcy’s Law
    Darcy (1856) observed that the flow of water through
    clean sands has the following relationship:
    v = discharge velocity
    k = hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of
    permeability)
    i = hydraulic gradient
    Discharge velocity (v) versus Seepage velocity (vs)

    LOGO
    Hydraulic Conductivity (Permeability)
    ● Permeability - is a part of proportionality constant
    in Darcy’s law which relates discharge (flow rate) and
    fluid physical properties ( e. g. viscosity) to a
    pressure gradient applied to the porous media.

    Typical values of hydraulic conductivity for saturated soils

    Soil type K (cm/sec)


    clean gravel 100-1
    coarse sand 1.0-0.01
    fine sand 0.01-0.001
    silty clay 0.001-0.00001
    clay <0.000001
    LOGO
    Discharge Velocity vs Seepage Velocity

    LOGO
    Darcy’s Law Example

    LOGO
    Laboratory Determination of k

    LOGO
    Laboratory Determination of k
    ● Constant Head Test –
    for high permeability
    coarse-grained soils.

    Q = total volume
    A = cross-sectional area
    of the specimen
    t = duration of water
    collection
    h = head

    LOGO
    Laboratory Determination of k

    LOGO
    Laboratory Determination of k
    ● Falling Head Test – for low permeability fine-grained soils.

    a = cross-sectional area of the


    standpipe
    A = cross-sectional area of the
    specimen
    t = duration of water collection
    h1 = head at time t1
    h2 = head at time t2

    LOGO
    Empirical Relations for k
    ● For granular soil (Hazen, 1930)

    c = constant and may be taken as 1.0


    D10 = effective size of soil grains

    ● For cohesive soil (Samarasinghe et al., 1982)

    C and n = constants to be determined experimentally

    LOGO
    Equivalent k in Stratified Soils

    Natural soil deposits maybe stratified (level)


    with sub-layers of different thickness and
    coefficient of permeability. Vertical (1-D) flow
    passes through stratified sub-layers with the
    same velocities. Horizontal (1-D) flow passes
    through stratified sub-layers with different
    velocities.

    LOGO
    Equivalent k in Stratified Soils
    ● Horizontal (1-D) Flow

    LOGO
    Equivalent k in Stratified Soils
    ● Vertical (1-D) Flow

    LOGO
    Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells

    When underground water is pumped from the well,


    the ground water table is lowered, (i.e. draw down).
    The quantity of water pumped out and elevations of
    ground water table after pumping can be used to
    evaluate the coefficient of permeability of the soil
    deposit.

    Two types of pumping:


    ● Pumping in an unconfined permeable layer
    ● Pumping in a confined permeable layer

    LOGO
    Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells

    LOGO
    Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells
    ● Pumping in an unconfined permeable layer

    LOGO
    Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells
    ● Pumping in a confined permeable layer

    LOGO
    Example

    LOGO
    Example

    LOGO

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