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    Host Parasite Relationship

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    Chatie Pipit
    This document discusses host-parasite relationships and microbial pathogenesis. It begins by defining different types of microbial relationships such as saprophytes, commensals, and pathogens. It then discusses the process of parasitism which involves encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, and outcome. Key aspects of microbial pathogenesis are also summarized such as colonization, characteristics that enable tissue penetration, and terms used to describe infections. Factors influencing microbial pathogenicity and the differences between exotoxins and endotoxins are also outlined.

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    Host Parasite Relationship

    Uploaded by

    Chatie Pipit
    16 views25 pages
    This document discusses host-parasite relationships and microbial pathogenesis. It begins by defining different types of microbial relationships such as saprophytes, commensals, and pathogens. It then discusses the process of parasitism which involves encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, and outcome. Key aspects of microbial pathogenesis are also summarized such as colonization, characteristics that enable tissue penetration, and terms used to describe infections. Factors influencing microbial pathogenicity and the differences between exotoxins and endotoxins are also outlined.

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    Lecture

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    8039723

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    This document discusses host-parasite relationships and microbial pathogenesis. It begins by defining different types of microbial relationships such as saprophytes, commensals, and pathogens. It then discusses the process of parasitism which involves encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, and outcome. Key aspects of microbial pathogenesis are also summarized such as colonization, characteristics that enable tissue penetration, and terms used to describe infections. Factors influencing microbial pathogenicity and the differences between exotoxins and endotoxins are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views25 pages

    Host Parasite Relationship

    Uploaded by

    Chatie Pipit
    This document discusses host-parasite relationships and microbial pathogenesis. It begins by defining different types of microbial relationships such as saprophytes, commensals, and pathogens. It then discusses the process of parasitism which involves encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, and outcome. Key aspects of microbial pathogenesis are also summarized such as colonization, characteristics that enable tissue penetration, and terms used to describe infections. Factors influencing microbial pathogenicity and the differences between exotoxins and endotoxins are also outlined.

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    HOST PARASITE

    RELATIONSHIP
    Introduction of a flora
    Range of relationships
     Saprophytes – Free living microbes
    subsisting on dead or decaying organic
    matter.
     Parasites – Microbes establishing and
    multiplying themselves in hosts.
    – Commensals – Microbes living in complete
    harmony with host without causing any harm to
    them.
    – Pathogens - Microbes capable of causing
    disease in host.
    Definitions
     Microbial pathogenesis—process of causing
    disease
     Colonization—presence of microbes at site
    of body
    – Does not imply tissue damage or disease
    symptoms
    – Does imply invasion of site and multiplication
    Characteristics of Parasitism
     Encounter: agent meets host
     Entry: agent enters host
     Spread: agent spreads
     Multiplication: agent multiplies
     Damage: agent, host response, or both
     Outcome: agent or host wins, or coexist
    Encounter
     In utero
    – Do not normally come in contact with
    organisms
    » Protection of fetal membranes
    » Do not normally come in contact with organisms
    from mother
     Normally only present sporadically
     Exceptions: sexual diseases, virus causes, rubella
    Encounter
     At moment of birth
    – Comes in contact with organisms present in
    vaginal canal and on skin
    » Previously, antibodies passed from mother to fetus
    » Defenses are good for a period of time, then they
    wane
    Encounter
     Challenge between man and microbe wages
    many times during lifetime
    – Most disappear rapidly
    – Some become part of normal flora
    – Only a few cause disease
    Penetration into Deeper Tissues
     Very few organisms can penetrate unbroken
    skin (worms are an exception)
     Some organisms can penetrate epithelial
    tissue; for example:
    – S. pneumoniae, Treponema pallidum
    » Normally after some injury to tissue (many times
    caused by a virus)
    – Viruses, by receptors
    Carried in by Macrophage

     Alveolar macrophage trap organisms in lung


    – Normally carry upward on ciliary epithelium
    – Some cases, can carry deeper into tissues
     Some organisms can live, grow in macrophage:
    – Legionella
    – Bordetella pertussis
    – HIV (via virus-laden macrophage from semen)
    Terms used
     Primary Infection  Exogenous Infection
     Reinfection  Inapparent Infection
     Secondary Infection (Subclinical Infection)
     Focal Infection  Clinical Infection
    (Focal Sepsis)
     Typical Infection
     Generalized Infection
     Atypical Infection
     Cross Infection
     Iatrogenic Infection  Latent Infection
     Endogenous Infection  Compromised host
    SOURCES OF INFECTION
     Human Beings  Animals
    – Patients – Zoonosis
    – Carriers – Reservoir
    » Healthy  Insects
    » Convalescent
    – Mechanical
    » Temporary
    » Chronic
    – Biological
    » Contact  Soil & Water
    » Paradoxical  Food
    Other terms commonly used
     Endemic  Bacteremia
     Epidemic – Common occurrence while
    brushing, chewing etc
     Pandemic
     Septicemia
     Prosodemic
    – Circulation, multiplication,
    formation of toxins with
    high swinging fever
     Pyemia –
    – Septicemia by pyogenic
    organisms. Produces
    multiple abscesses in
    internal organs.
    METHODS OF TRANSMISSION
    OF INFECTION
     Contact
     Congenital
     Inhalation
     Ingestion
     Inoculation
     Insects
     Iatrogenic
     Lab Acquired
    Factors predisposing to Microbial
    Pathogenicity
    – Toxigenicity
     Terms used
    » Exotoxins
    – Pathogenicity (Refers » Endotoxins
    to a species)
    – Plasmids
    – Virulence (Refers to an
    – Enzyme production-
    isolate)
    IgA proteases
    – Exaltation
    – Bacteriophages
    – Attenuation
    – Communicability
     Factors – Bacterial appandages
    – Adhesion – Infecting dose
    » Adhesins » MID ID50
    » Pili » MLD LD50
    – Invasiveness – Route of Infection
    1. Portal of entry
    – Respiratory Tract - most common portal
    – Gastrointestinal - via food, water contaminated
    fingers
    – Fungi live on skin
    – Parenteral Route via bites, injections, wounds
    – Multiple portals of entry
    » Tuberculosis - respiratory droplets, food & milk,
    wounds
    2. Dose
    – High virulence fewer organisms needed
    – Lower virulence many organisms needed
    – LD 50 & ID50
    3. Tissue penetration
    – Genetic basis E. coli O157:H7 uses unique
    sites
    – Invasiveness causes structural damage
    – Cell penetration some pathogens live inside the
    cells
    4. Adherence
    – Adhesins (ligands) adhere to receptors
    » Ligands associated with fimbria
    » Mannose is the most common receptor
    – Pili attachment - N. gonorrhoeae attach to
    cervix and urethra
    – M Proteins - S. pyogenes adhere to throat
    epithelial cells
    6. Enzymes
    – Coagulase Staphylococci Forms fibrin clot
    – Streptokinase Streptococci Dissolves fibrin clot
    – Hyaluronidase Pneumococci Digests Hyaluronic
    Staphylococci Acid
    Streptococci
    – Leukocidin Staphylococci Disintegrates
    phagocytes
    – Hemolysin Staphylococci Dissolves red
    blood cells
    7. Capsules
    – Reduce phagocytosis
    – Slow drug penetration
    8. Plasmid – Extra chromosomal genetic material
    - Antibiotic resistance
    9. Lysogenic Bacteriophage –
    - Imparts additional genetic character eg Diphtheria
    bacilli acquire ability to produce exotoxin.
    Exo Vs Endotoxins
     Protein  Protein-Polysaccharide-Lipid
    Complex

     Heat Labile  Heat Stable


     Secreted by cells. Diffuse out  Part of cell wall. No diffusion
     Separable by filtration  Obtained only by cell lysis
     Enzymatic action  No Enzymatic action
     Specific effect  Effect non-specific
     Specific tissue affinity  Non-specific
     Active in small qty  Active in large doses
     Weakly antigenic
     Highly antigenic
     Action neutralized by specific  Antibody does not neutralize
    antibody  Can not be toxoided
     Can be toxoided
     Produced only by Gram
     Mainly produced by Gram + negative bacteria
    bacteria. Few Gram – ve bact
    Biological activities of the
    Endotoxins
     Pyrogenicity   Glucose / Glycogen
     Lethal action synthesis in Liver
      Blood Pressure  Stimulation of B cells
     Activation of  Macrophage inhibition
    complement  Interferon release
     Intravascular  Induction of
    coagulation prostaglandin
     Leucopoenia / synthesis
    Leukocytosis

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