Health and Diseases

⊚ Weekly Class ⊚ ▷Topic- Human Health & Diseases
Human Health and Disease

Pathogen Disease-causing organisms
E.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, etc.
Typhoid fever Pathogen- Salmonella typhi (bacteria)
Mode of infection- contaminated air, utensil, etc.
Symptoms- stomach ache, constipation, intestinal perforation, etc.
Test- Widal test
Pneumonia Pathogen- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (bacteria)
Mode of infection- contaminated food and water
Symptoms- fever, chills, cough, alveoli gets filled with fluid, respiratory
problems
Common cold Pathogen- Rhinoviruses
Mode of infection- through cough and sneeze of an infected person or things
Symptoms- nasal congestion, cough, headache, etc.
Malaria Pathogen- Plasmodium vivax, P. malaria (protozoan)
P. falciparum – malignant malaria
Mode of infection- insect bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito
(vector)
Symptoms- high fever, chills, etc.
Plasmodium Sporozoites Infectious stage, produced in the gut of mosquito after fertilisation, migrates
to the salivary glands of the mosquito
Injected to human by mosquito bite, reaches liver of the host then to RBCs in
the blood, reproduces asexually
Haemozoin Released by rupture of RBCs caused by Plasmodium sporozoites
Causes chills and relapsing high fever
Plasmodium Gametocytes Sexual stage, produced in the RBCs of human
Female Anopheles takes up gametocytes with the sucked blood
Fertilisation takes place in the mosquito gut
Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery) Pathogen- Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan)
Mode of infection- contaminated food and water by faeces of an infected
person
Carrier- Houseflies
Symptoms- constipation, abdominal pain, excess mucus and blood in the
stool
Ascariasis Pathogen- Ascaris (helminth)
Mode of infection- contaminated fruits, vegetables and water by faeces of an
infected person
Symptoms- muscular pain, fever, internal bleeding, anaemia, blockage of the
intestine
Elephantiasis (filariasis) Pathogen- Wuchereria bancrofti and W. malayi (helminth)
Mode of infection- transmitted by mosquito bite
Symptoms- inflammation in the lymphatic vessels of lower limb
Ringworm Pathogen- Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton (fungi)
Mode of infection- soil or by using a contaminated towel, comb, etc.
Symptoms- dry and scaly lesions on the skin, nails, scalp, etc.
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Gambusia A fish
It feeds on insect larvae
Used to control and eliminate vectors of many diseases
Innate immunity Present by birth
Non-specific defence
Skin, mucus, saliva, WBCs, cytokine, etc.
Cellular barrier Specialised cells, which can phagocytose and kill microbes
WBCs or leukocytes, macrophages
E.g. Neutrophils, monocytes, Natural killer cells
Cytokine Small protein molecules secreted by virus-infected cells
E.g. Interferons, Interleukins, tumour necrosis factor, etc.
Acquired immunity Acquired in one’s lifetime, pathogen-specific, involves B and T lymphocytes
Primary response- when exposed to a pathogen for the first time, low
intensity
Secondary response- on re-exposure of the same antigen, anamnestic
response, highly intensified response
Antibodies Immunoglobulins produced by B-lymphocytes
Contains 4 peptide chains; 2 light and 2 heavy (H2L2)
E.g. IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD
Humoral immune response A type of acquired immunity
Antibody-mediated
B-lymphocytes produce antigen-specific antibodies in the circulatory system
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) A type of acquired immunity
T-lymphocytes mediated
CMI is responsible for graft rejection
Active immunity The immune response on the exposure of an antigen
Antibodies are produced specifically to the antigen
During immunisation or vaccination, attenuated microbes are injected to
induce active immunity
Passive immunity Readymade antibodies are given to protect against a foreign antigen
Colostrum- the first milk of mother, contains IgA- provides protection to
infants
IgG antibodies can cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the
growing foetus
Allergy Intense immune response on exposure to allergens
IgE mediated response
Mast cell secretes histamine, serotonin
Auto-immune disease When our immune system fails to distinguish self cells from foreign antigens
and starts attacking self cells
E.g. Rheumatoid arthritis
Primary lymphoid organs Lymphocytes mature here
Bone marrow- B-lymphocytes
Thymus- T-lymphocytes
Secondary lymphoid organs Lymphocytes migrate here after maturation and interact with antigens
E.g. spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches in the small intestine,
appendix

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Present in the digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts
(MALT) Accounts for 50 percent of lymphoid tissues
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Caused by HIV virus, a retrovirus
Transmitted through body fluids, sexually, using infected needles and can
cross placenta too
Test- ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
HIV replication In Macrophages- forms DNA by reverse transcription and gets inserted into
host cell genome producing multiple copies
In TH cells- replicate and attacks other T-lymphocytes, decreasing the
number of T-lymphocytes
Tumours Cells, lose regulatory mechanism and contact inhibition, show uncontrolled
division and proliferation
Benign- remain confined to the original location
Malignant- neoplastic cells, invade surrounding tissues
Metastasis Cells from malignant tumours slough off and spread to different parts
through the circulatory system and form new tumours in different parts of
the body
Opioids Heroin/ smack -diacetylmorphine
Obtained from the latex of Papaver somniferum
It is a depressant and analgesic, produces euphoria
Cannabinoids Obtained from the inflorescence of Cannabis sativa
E.g. Marijuana, hashish, etc.
Cocaine Coca alkaloid, commonly known as coke or crack
Obtained from Erythroxylum coca
Interferes with dopamine transport
Commonly abused drugs Barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, LSD, etc.
Atropa belladonna and Datura also show hallucinogenic properties
Nicotine An alkaloid present in tobacco
Stimulates the release of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline from adrenal glands
Increases blood pressure and heart rate

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⊚ Weekly Class ⊚ ▷Topic- Human Health & Diseases

Human Health and Disease

⊚ Pioneer Pharma Academy ⊚ Download PPA Live App 9584747350, 9827720708

⊚ Pioneer Pharma Academy ⊚ Download PPA Live App 9584747350, 9827720708

⊚ Pioneer Pharma Academy ⊚ Download PPA Live App 9584747350, 9827720708

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