Photosynthesis: For Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Photosynthesis is the process that converts
solar energy into chemical energy
• Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating
anything derived from other organisms,
Autotrophs are the producers
• Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the
energy of sunlight to make organic molecules
• Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain
other protists, and some prokaryotes
• Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from
other organisms
• Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere

Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis
in Plants
• Leaves are the major locations of
photosynthesis
• Their green color is from chlorophyll, the
green pigment within chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the
mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf
• Each mesophyll cell contains 30–40
chloroplasts

• CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through
microscopic pores called stomata
• The chlorophyll is in the membranes of
thylakoids (connected sacs in the chloroplast);
thylakoids may be stacked in columns called
grana
• Chloroplasts also contain stroma, a dense
interior fluid

Figure 10.4
Leaf cross section
Chloroplasts Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
CO2 O2
Chloroplast Mesophyll
cell
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid Intermembrane
Stroma Granum Thylakoid space 20 m
space Inner
membrane
1 m
The Splitting of Water (Photolysis)
• Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and
oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen
into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a
by-product

The Two Stages of Photosynthesis:
A Preview
• Photosynthesis consists of the light
reactions (the photo part) and Calvin cycle
(the synthesis part)
• The light reactions (in the thylakoids)
– Split H2O
– Release O2
– Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
– Generate ATP from ADP by
photophosphorylation

• The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar
from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
• The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation,
incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

Figure 10.6-4
H2O CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
+ Pi
Calvin
Light Cycle
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2 [CH2O]
(sugar)
The Nature of Sunlight
• Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, also
called electromagnetic radiation
• Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in
rhythmic waves
• Wavelength is the distance between crests of
waves
• Wavelength determines the type of
electromagnetic energy

• The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire
range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation
• Visible light consists of wavelengths (including
those that drive photosynthesis) that produce
colors we can see
• Light also behaves as though it consists of
discrete particles, called photons

Figure 10.7
1m
105 nm 103 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 103 m
Gamma Micro- Radio

X-rays UV Infrared waves waves
rays
Visible light
380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm

Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength
Higher energy Lower energy
Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light
Receptors
• Pigments are substances that absorb visible light
• Different pigments absorb different wavelengths
• Wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected
or transmitted
• Leaves appear green because chlorophyll
reflects and transmits green light

Figure 10.8
Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed Granum
light
Transmitted
light
• A spectrophotometer measures a pigment’s
ability to absorb various wavelengths
• This machine sends light through pigments and
measures the fraction of light transmitted at each
wavelength

A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex
Associated with Light-Harvesting
Complexes
• A photosystem consists of a reaction-center
complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded
by light-harvesting complexes
• The light-harvesting complexes (pigment
molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy
of photons to the reaction center

• A primary electron acceptor in the reaction
center accepts excited electrons and is reduced
as a result
• There are two types of photosystems in the
thylakoid membrane
• Photosystem II (PS II) functions first (the
numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best
at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
• The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is
called P680

• Photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a
wavelength of 700 nm
• The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is
called P700
• ATP and NADPH are produced on the
side facing the stroma, where the Calvin
cycle takes place
• In summary, light reactions generate ATP
and increase the potential energy of
electrons by moving them from H2O to
NADPH

Concept 10.3: The Calvin cycle uses the
chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to
reduce CO2 to sugar
• The Calvin cycle, like the citric acid cycle,
regenerates its starting material after molecules
enter and leave the cycle
• The cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules
by using ATP and the reducing power of
electrons carried by NADPH

• Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as
a sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate
(G3P)
• For net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take
place three times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2
• The Calvin cycle has three phases
– Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
– Reduction
– Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

Figure 10.22
H2O CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
+ Pi
Light RuBP
Reactions: 3-Phosphoglycerate
Photosystem II Calvin
Electron transport chain Cycle
Photosystem I
Electron transport chain
ATP
G3P
Starch
NADPH (storage)
Chloroplast
O2 Sucrose (export)

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LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gamma Micro- Radio

380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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