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    T18 Magma and Volcanism PART 2

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    Sako
    Magma is formed through three processes: decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges, flux melting at mantle plumes, and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Magma rises due to lower density than surrounding rock. As it rises, magma is either ejected through volcanoes or solidifies in shallow levels. Factors like temperature, silica content, and dissolved water affect magma viscosity. Magma differentiation occurs through crystal fractionation, partial melting, magma mixing, and assimilation of crustal rocks.

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    T18 Magma and Volcanism PART 2

    Uploaded by

    Sako
    147 views21 pages
    Magma is formed through three processes: decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges, flux melting at mantle plumes, and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Magma rises due to lower density than surrounding rock. As it rises, magma is either ejected through volcanoes or solidifies in shallow levels. Factors like temperature, silica content, and dissolved water affect magma viscosity. Magma differentiation occurs through crystal fractionation, partial melting, magma mixing, and assimilation of crustal rocks.

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    Magma ang volcanism

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    Magma is formed through three processes: decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges, flux melting at mantle plumes, and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Magma rises due to lower density than surrounding rock. As it rises, magma is either ejected through volcanoes or solidifies in shallow levels. Factors like temperature, silica content, and dissolved water affect magma viscosity. Magma differentiation occurs through crystal fractionation, partial melting, magma mixing, and assimilation of crustal rocks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    147 views21 pages

    T18 Magma and Volcanism PART 2

    Uploaded by

    Sako
    Magma is formed through three processes: decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges, flux melting at mantle plumes, and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Magma rises due to lower density than surrounding rock. As it rises, magma is either ejected through volcanoes or solidifies in shallow levels. Factors like temperature, silica content, and dissolved water affect magma viscosity. Magma differentiation occurs through crystal fractionation, partial melting, magma mixing, and assimilation of crustal rocks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    Magma and Volcanism

    Describe what happens after a magma is formed


    (S11ES-IIc-25)
    Formation of Magma
    Special Conditions Required for the
    Formation of Magma

     Decompression Melting
     Flux Melting
     Heat Transfer Melting
    Places where Magma can Form

     MidOceanic Ridges
     Mantle Plumes
     Subduction Zones
    Mid-Oceanic Ridges

     Is an underwater
    mountain range,
    formed by plate
    tectonics.
    Mid-Oceanic Ridges

     the rising magma in mantle convection cell brings


    heat to the surface, transferring heat to the
    overlying rocks. The transfer of heat due to
    convection is accompanied by a decrease in
    pressure or "decompression" associated with the
    spreading of the lithospheric plates.
    Mantle Plumes (Hot Spots)

     Area in the mantle


    from which heat rises
    as a thermal plume
    from deep in the earth.
    Mantle Plumes (Hot Spots)

     the transfer of heat and decompression result to


    magma generation. The source of heat for mantle
    plumes is much deeper.
    Subduction Zones

     Convergent boundaries of
    tectonic plates where one
    plate moves under
    another and is forced to
    sink due to gravity in the
    mantle.
    Subduction Zones

     The presence of water during generation results


    to the formation of hydrous minerals. As the
    oceanic slab is down-thrusted along subduction
    zones, the change in temperature and pressure
    conditions brings about mineral instability (e.g.
    hydrous minerals) and the release of water to the
    surrounding hot rocks.
    What happens after Magma
    is formed?
    Density contrast

     Magma is less dense than the surrounding country


    rock. Magma rises faster when the difference in
    density between the magma and the surrounding
    rock is greater.
    Two processes as magma rises up:

     ejected out to the surface


    through volcanoes
     Solidifies within the
    shallower levels.
    Magma

     Is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found


    under the surface of the earth. This mixture is
    usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base
    called the melt, minerals crystallized by the melt,
    solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the
    surrounding confines, and dissolved gases.
    Viscosity

     It is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to


    flow.
    FACTOR EFFECT TO VISCOSITY
    ↑ temperature ↓ viscosity
    ↑ Silica content (SiO2) ↑ viscosity
    ↑ dissolved water (H2O) ↓ viscosity
    Magmatic Differentiation
    Crystal Fractionation

     chemical process by which the composition


    of a liquid, such as magma, changes due to
    crystallization
    Magma
    Chamber

    Crystal
    Settling
    Partial Melting

     Occurs
    when only a portion of a solid is
    melted.
    Magma Mixing

     This may occur when two different magma rises


    up, with the more buoyant mass overtakes the
    more slowly rising body. Convective flow then
    mixes the two magmas, generating a single,
    intermediate (between the two parent magmas)
    magma.
    Assimilation/contamination of magma
    by crustal rocks
     a reaction that occurs when the crust is mixed up with the
    rising magma. As magma rises to the surface, the
    surrounding rocks which it comes in contact with may get
    dissolved (due to the heat) and get mixed with the
    magma.

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