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    Volcanism Is The Phenomenon of Eruption of Molten Rock (Magma) Onto The

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    Chris Tian
    Volcanism is the phenomenon where molten rock (magma) erupts from the Earth's surface through openings called vents. Magma rises from the mantle or lower crust through the crust. If the magma reaches the surface, its behavior depends on its viscosity - viscous magma produces explosive eruptions while runny magma produces effusive eruptions of lava. The movement of molten rock in the mantle, driven by thermal convection and gravitational effects, ultimately causes plate tectonic movement and volcanism. Volcanoes form where magma surfaces, and the type of volcano depends on the location and consistency of the magma.

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    Volcanism Is The Phenomenon of Eruption of Molten Rock (Magma) Onto The

    Uploaded by

    Chris Tian
    23 views3 pages
    Volcanism is the phenomenon where molten rock (magma) erupts from the Earth's surface through openings called vents. Magma rises from the mantle or lower crust through the crust. If the magma reaches the surface, its behavior depends on its viscosity - viscous magma produces explosive eruptions while runny magma produces effusive eruptions of lava. The movement of molten rock in the mantle, driven by thermal convection and gravitational effects, ultimately causes plate tectonic movement and volcanism. Volcanoes form where magma surfaces, and the type of volcano depends on the location and consistency of the magma.

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    Volcanism is the phenomenon where molten rock (magma) erupts from the Earth's surface through openings called vents. Magma rises from the mantle or lower crust through the crust. If the magma reaches the surface, its behavior depends on its viscosity - viscous magma produces explosive eruptions while runny magma produces effusive eruptions of lava. The movement of molten rock in the mantle, driven by thermal convection and gravitational effects, ultimately causes plate tectonic movement and volcanism. Volcanoes form where magma surfaces, and the type of volcano depends on the location and consistency of the magma.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    23 views3 pages

    Volcanism Is The Phenomenon of Eruption of Molten Rock (Magma) Onto The

    Uploaded by

    Chris Tian
    Volcanism is the phenomenon where molten rock (magma) erupts from the Earth's surface through openings called vents. Magma rises from the mantle or lower crust through the crust. If the magma reaches the surface, its behavior depends on its viscosity - viscous magma produces explosive eruptions while runny magma produces effusive eruptions of lava. The movement of molten rock in the mantle, driven by thermal convection and gravitational effects, ultimately causes plate tectonic movement and volcanism. Volcanoes form where magma surfaces, and the type of volcano depends on the location and consistency of the magma.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as rtf, pdf, or txt
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    Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the

    surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava,


    pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a
    vent.[1] It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within
    the crust or mantle of the body to rise through the crust and form volcanic
    rocks on the surface.
    Volcanic processes
    Magma from the mantle or lower crust rises through its crust to the surface. If
    magma reaches the surface, its behavior depends on the viscosity of the
    molten constituent rock. Viscous (thick) magma produces volcanoes
    characterised by explosive eruptions, while non-viscous (runny) magma
    produce volcanoes characterised by effusive eruptions pouring large amounts
    of lava onto the surface.
    In some cases, rising magma can cool and solidify without reaching the
    surface. Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within
    the crust to form an igneous intrusion. As magma cools the chemicals in the
    crystals formed are effectively removed from the main mix of the magma (by
    a process known as fractional crystallization), so the chemical content of the
    remaining magma evolves as it solidifies slowly. Fresh unevolved magma
    injections can remobilise more evolved magmas, allowing eruptions from
    more viscous magmas.
    Driving forces of volcanism
    Movement of molten rock in the mantle, caused by thermal convection
    currents, coupled with gravitational effects of changes on the earth's surface
    (erosion, deposition, even asteroid impact and patterns of post-glacial
    rebound) drive plate tectonic motion and ultimately volcanism.
    Aspects of volcanism
    Volcanoes are places where magma reaches the earth's surface. The type of
    volcano depends on the location of the eruption and the consistency of the
    magma.

    Cross-section through a stratovolcano (vertical scale is exaggerated):


    1. Large magma chamber
    2. Bedrock
    3. Conduit (pipe)
    4. Base
    5. Sill
    6. Dike
    7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
    8. Flank
    9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
    10. Throat
    11. Parasitic cone
    12. Lava flow
    13. Vent
    14. Crater
    15. Ash cloud
    Earthquakes
    Earthquakes are generally associated with plate tectonic activity, but some
    earthquakes are generated as a result of volcanic activity [2](though that
    itself is ultimately driven by the same forces).
    Hydrothermal vents
    These are formed where water interacts with volcanism. These include
    geysers, fumaroles, hotsprings and mudpots, they are often used as a source
    of geothermal energy.
    Volcanic winter
    Main article: Volcanic winter
    The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant
    effect on the Earth's climate. Large eruptions correlate well with some

    significant climate change events.


    Forming rocks
    When the magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks, the type of rock formed
    depends on the chemical composition of the magma and how rapidly the
    magma cools. Magma that reaches the surface to become lava cools rapidly
    resulting in rocks with small crystals such as basalt. Some of this magma may
    cool extremely rapidly and will form volcanic glass (rocks without crystals)
    such as obsidian. Magma that remains trapped below ground in thin
    intrusions cools slower than magma exposed to the surface and produces
    rocks with medium sized crystals. Magma that remains trapped in large
    quantities below ground cools most slowly resulting in rocks with larger
    crystals - such as granite and gabbro.
    Existing rocks that come into contact with magma may be melted and
    assimilated into the magma. Other rocks adjacent to the magma may be
    altered by contact metamorphism or metasomatism as they are affected by
    the heat and escaping or externally circulating hydrothermal fluids.

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