Chapter 28.

Magnetic Field
28.1. What is Physics?      
28.2. What Produces a Magnetic Field?      
28.3. The Definition of   Magnetic Field     
28.4. Crossed Fields: Discovery of the
Electron      
28.5. Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect      
28.6. A Circulating Charged Particle     
28.7. Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons      
28.8. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying
Wire      
28.9. Torque on a Current Loop      
28.10. The Magnetic Dipole Moment
 What is Physics? 

Permanent magnets
• A magnet has two poles, a north pole and a south pole
• No Magnetic monopole available in nature.
 The magnetic forces

Like poles repel each other, and unlike

poles attract.
 The magnetic field

• A magnetic field exists in the region around a magnet.

The magnetic field is a vector that has both magnitude
and direction.
• The direction of the magnetic field at any point in
space is the direction indicated by the north pole of
a small compass needle placed at that point.
 The magnetic field line

• The lines originate from the north pole and end on the
south pole; they do not start or stop in midspace.
• The magnetic field at any point is tangent to the
magnetic field line at that point.
• The strength of the field is proportional to the number
of lines per unit area that passes through a surface
oriented perpendicular to the lines.
• The magnetic field lines will never come to cross each
other.
 What Produces a Magnetic Field?

 
• Moving electrically charged particles, such as a current, produce
a magnetic field
• Permanent magnet. Elementary particles such as electrons have
an intrinsic magnetic field around them. The magnetic fields of
                                                                                                                                  

the electrons in certain materials add together to give a net

magnetic field around the material.
why a permanent magnet has a permanent magnetic field. In
                     

other materials, the magnetic fields of the electrons cancel out,

Such addition is the reason

giving no net magnetic field surrounding the material

 Magnetic force on a Charged Particle
When a charge is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a magnetic force if two conditions are
met:
1. The charge must be moving. No magnetic force acts on
a stationary charge.
2. The velocity of the moving charge must have a
component that is perpendicular to the direction of
the field.
Magnetic force on a Charged Particle

Right-Hand Rule

The force       acting on a charged

particle moving with velocity      through
a magnetic field      is always
perpendicular to      and     .
 Check Your Understanding 
Two particles, having the same charge but different velocities, are
moving in a constant magnetic field (see the drawing, where the
velocity vectors are drawn to scale). Which particle, if either,
experiences the greater magnetic force? (a) Particle 1
experiences the greater force, because it is moving perpendicular
to the magnetic field. (b) Particle 2 experiences the greater
force, because it has the greater speed. (c) Particle 2 experiences
the greater force, because a component of its velocity is parallel
to the magnetic field. (d) Both particles experience the same
magnetic force, because the component of each velocity that is
perpendicular to the magnetic field is the same.
Example 1  Magnetic Forces on Charged
Particles
A proton in a particle accelerator has a
speed of 5.0×106 m/s. The proton
encounters a magnetic field whose
magnitude is 0.40 T and whose direction
makes an angle of θ =30.0° with respect
to the proton’s velocity. Find (a) the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force on the proton and (b) the
acceleration of the proton. The Mass of
proton is 1.67x10-27 kg.
 The Definition of Magnetic Field
• The magnetic field B is a vector, and its direction is
direction is along the zero-force axis.
• The magnitude B of the magnetic field at any point in
space is defined as

where F is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a

positive test charge q0 , v is the velocity of the charge
which makes an angle  with the direction of the
magnetic field.
• SI Unit of Magnetic Field:
 Differences of ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC FIELDS
1. Direction of forces
– The electric force on a charged particle (both
moving and stationary) is always parallel (or
anti-parallel) to the electric field direction.
– The magnetic force on a moving charged particle
is always perpendicular to both magnetic field
and velocity of the particle. No magnetic force
on a stationary charged particle.
2. THE WORK DONE ON A CHARGED
PARTICLE:
– The electric force can do work on the
particle.
– The magnetic force cannot do work and
change the kinetic energy of the
charged particle.
Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron

1. Set and to zero and note the position of the spot on

screen S due to the undeflected beam.
2. Turn on and measure the resulting beam deflection y.
3.  Maintaining , now turn on and adjust its value until
the beam returns to the undeflected position. (With the
forces in opposition, they can be made to cancel.)
                                                                                              
                                                                                              
 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect
Can the drifting conduction electrons in a copper wire also be
deflected by a magnetic field?

the magnitude of that potential

difference is

When the electric and magnetic forces

                            
are in balance Ev B
d

A  ld
V i
 B
d neld
 Sample Problem 28
Figure 28-9 shows a solid metal cube, of edge length d=1.5cm,
moving in the positive y direction at a constant velocity of
magnitude 4.0 m/s. The cube moves through a uniform magnetic
field of magnitude 0.050 T in the positive z direction.
• (a) Which cube face is at a lower electric potential and which is
at a higher electric potential because of the motion through the
field?

 
• (b) What is the potential difference between the faces of
higher and lower electric potential?

                                                                                           

         
The motion of a charged particle in a
constant magnetic field
• A charged particle in a
constant magnetic field will
do uniform circular motion
• The radius of the circle is
Check Your Understanding 

Three particles have

identical charges and masses.
They enter a constant
magnetic field and follow the
paths shown in the drawing.
Rank the speeds of the
particles, largest to smallest.
Example 3  The Motion of a Proton
A proton is released from rest at point
A, which is located next to the positive
plate of a parallel plate capacitor (see
Figure 21.13). The proton then
accelerates toward the negative plate,
leaving the capacitor at point B through
a small hole in the plate. The electric
potential of the positive plate is 2100 V
greater than that of the negative plate,
so VA–VB=2100 V. Once outside the
capacitor, the proton travels at a
constant velocity until it enters a region
of constant magnetic field of magnitude
0.10 T. The velocity is perpendicular to
the magnetic field, which is directed out
of the page in Figure 21.13. Find (a) the
speed vB of the proton when it leaves the
negative plate of the capacitor, and (b)
the radius r of the circular path on
which the proton moves in the magnetic
field.
 Helical Paths
If the velocity of a charged particle has a component parallel to the (uniform)
magnetic field , the particle will move in a helical path about the direction of
the field vector.
The Auroral
 The Cyclotron

 
                                                                                                        
Proton Synchrotron
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

                                                        

           
                                                                                          

                   
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

• If the magnetic field is not

perpendicular to the wire, as in
Fig, the magnetic force is given

 
by
                                                                                         
Define     as a length vector that has magnitude L and is directed along the
      
wire segment in the direction of the (conventional) current.
 Check Your Understanding 
The same current-carrying wire is placed in the same
magnetic field B in four different orientations (see
the drawing). Rank the orientations according to the
magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on the wire,
largest to smallest.
 Sample Problem 28
A straight, horizontal length of copper wire has a
current i=28 A through it. What are the magnitude
and direction of the minimum magnetic field
needed to suspend the wire—that is, to balance the
gravitational force on it? The linear density (mass
per unit length) of the wire is 46.6 g/m.

                                                        
 Torque on a Current Loop

Fnet  0

the vector   , which is normal to the plane of the coil

fig. (b).
by right hand rule shown in  
with direction determined                                                                                                 
          

   iAB sin 
                                                                                                                 

                                                                    
A is area of loop
When a current-carrying loop is placed in a magnetic field, the loop
tends to rotate such that its normal becomes aligned with the
magnetic field
 Torque on a Current coil

A coil containing N loops, each of area A, the force on

each side is N times larger, and the torque on the coil
becomes:
 The Magnetic Dipole Moment of Coil
• The direction of is that of the normal vector to
the plane of the coil and thus is given by the same
right-hand rule. That is, grasp the coil with the
fingers of your right hand in the direction of current
i; the outstretched thumb of that hand gives the
direction of .
• The magnitude of is given by

N is the number of turns in the coil, i is the current through the

coil, and A is the area enclosed by each turn of the coil.
 Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field

• The torque on the coil due to a magnetic field

 
• The magnetic potential energy

                                                                      

•If an applied torque to rotates a

       

magnetic dipole from an initial

orientation   to another orientation
  , then work Wa is done on the dipole
by the applied torque is
 Example  The Torque Exerted on a
Current-Carrying Coil

A coil of wire has an area of 2.0×10–4 m2, consists of

100 loops or turns, and contains a current of 0.045 A.
The coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.15 T. (a) Determine the magnetic moment
of the coil. (b) Find the maximum torque that the
magnetic field can exert on the coil.
A DC electric motor
 Conceptual Questions
1. A charged particle, passing through a certain region of space,
has a velocity whose magnitude and direction remain constant.
(a) If it is known that the external magnetic field is zero
everywhere in this region, can you conclude that the external
electric field is also zero? Explain. (b) If it is known that the
external electric field is zero everywhere, can you conclude
that the external magnetic field is also zero? Explain.
2. Suppose that the positive charge in Figure 21.10a were launched
from the negative plate toward the positive plate, in a direction
opposite to the electric field. A sufficiently strong electric
field would prevent the charge from striking the positive plate.
Suppose the positive charge in Figure 21.10b were launched
from the south pole toward the north pole, in a direction
opposite to the magnetic field. Would a sufficiently strong
magnetic field prevent the charge from reaching the north
pole? Account for your answer.
3. Three particles move through a constant magnetic
field and follow the paths shown in the drawing.
Determine whether each particle is positively
charged, negatively charged, or neutral. Give a
reason for each answer.

4. When one end of a bar magnet is placed near a TV

screen, the picture becomes distorted. Why?
5. A positive charge moves along a circular path under
the influence of a magnetic field. The magnetic
field is perpendicular to the plane of the circle, as
in Figure 21.12. If the velocity of the particle is
reversed at some point along the path, will the
particle retrace its path? If not, draw the new
path. Explain.