115 - L2Magnetic Force5

LECTURE 25
MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC

FORCE ON CHARGED PARTICLES
Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
Lecture 25
2

Reading chapter 22-1 to 22-3

! Magnetic
fields and force

! Motion of a point charge in a B field
" Cyclotron
motion
" Velocity selector
" q/m measurement for electrons
" Mass spectrometer
" Cyclotron
Magnetic poles
3

Magnets have two magnetic poles: a north pole and a south

pole.
North and south poles always come in pairs. We have not
seen a magnetic monopole, a north or south pole by itself.
On Valentines day, 1982, there was one candidate
monopole observed, but this has never been reproduced.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 1378
Magnetic force
4

Like poles repel, and unlike

poles attract.
! This is not the electric force,
and the ends of the magnet
are not electrically charged.
! This force is the magnetic
force.
! If a magnet is broken in half,
each half has two poles:
!
Demo: 1
5

Magnets on turntable
! Demonstration
of magnetic attraction and repulsion
Magnetic fields
6

Magnetic field is the thing that transmits the magnetic

force.
A magnetic field surrounds every moving charged
object.
The existence of a magnetic field means that if an
appropriate moving charged object is nearby, it will
experience a force.
An magnetic field is the possibility of a magnetic
force.
Magnetic field lines

7

!
!
Magnetic fields are visualized

by magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field lines always
make complete loops. They
neither begin nor end.
Field lines never cross.
By definition, magnetic field
lines exit from the north pole of
a magnet and enter at the
south pole.
Magnetic field lines: 2

8

The density of field lines indicate the magnitude of

the field.
! Iron filings sprinkled around a bar magnet align
themselves with the magnetic field.
!
Force by a magnetic field

9

The magnitude of magnetic force on a moving charged particle

is given by
F = q vBsin
is the angle between the magnetic field and the velocity of

the charged particle.
This is an experimental result we observe it to be true. It is
not a consequence of anything weve learned so far.
Definition of magnetic field

10

The magnetic force on a moving charge is actually

used to define the magnetic field:
F
B=
q vsin
The unit of magnet field, B, is called the tesla, T, which

is equivalent to N/(A#m).
! Another common unit of magnetic field is the gauss, G.
!
1 T = 10 4 G
Magnetic force vector

11

In order to figure out which direction the

force is on a moving charge, you can use
a right-hand rule.
This gives the direction of the force on a
positive charge; the force on a negative
charge would be in the opposite
direction.
The vector form of magnetic force is given
by
!
! !
F = qv B
Work done by a magnetic field

12

The direction of the magnetic force is always

perpendicular to both velocity and the B field.
! Magnetic forces on point charges do no work.
!
Example: 1
13

!
An alpha particle (charge

q=3.210-19C and mass
m=6.610-27kg) travels at a
velocity, v, of magnitude 550m/s
through a uniform magnetic field, B,
of magnitude 0.045T. The angle
between v and B is =52. What
are the magnitudes of
a)
the force acting on the particle due to

the magnetic field?
b)
the acceleration of the particle due to

the force?
c)
Does the speed of the particle

change?
Motions in E vs. B
14

A positively charged particle in an electric field

experiences a force in the direction of the field.
! In a magnetic field the force is perpendicular to the
field. This leads to very different motions:
!
The velocity selector

15

If a particle is moving in perpendicular E and B

fields, it gets deflected unless its velocity (v=E/B)
results in balancing the electric and magnetic forces.
Demo: 2
16

Magnetic deflection
! Demonstration
of an electron beam deflected by the

magnetic field from a bar magnet
!
! !
F = qv B
Circular motion in magnetic fields

17

The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity,

therefore the particle undergoes uniform circular motion.
If the magnetic field is also perpendicular to the velocity then
for a particle of mass m and charge q, moving at a speed v in
a magnetic field B, the radius of the circle it travels is:
mv
r=
qB
The period to complete a circle T is

independent of v or r and given by
2 m
T=
qB
Demo: 3
18

Fine beam tube

! Demonstration
magnetic field
r=
mv
qB
of an electron beam bent into a circle by
The mass spectrometer

19

The mass spectrometer

measures masses of isotopes.
! Positive ions are accelerated
through potential difference,
V.
! Ions enter the B field, and get
deflected.
!
m B 2r 2
=
q 2 V
Particle identification
20

Bubbles form around the paths of particles in a bubble chamber.

The curvature depends on the momentum and the charge of the
particle.
mv
r=
qB
Helical motion
21

If the magnetic field is not

perpendicular to the velocity, the
component of velocity parallel to the
B field does not change since there is
no magnetic force along that
direction.
The particle moves in a helical path.
The helical path of an electron in a

cloud chamber.
Magnetic bottle
22

Magnetic field is stronger on both ends than in the

middle.
! The particle spirals around the field lines and
oscillates back and forth.
!
What causes aurora?

23

Charged particles ejected from the sun are trapped by Earths

magnetic field, entering Earths atmosphere at the north and
south magnetic poles.
The charged particles interact with the gas in the area to
produce light.
Neutrino mass measurement

24

Thomsons q/m measurement

25

J. J. Thomson discovered electrons and measured the

q/m ratio of electrons by shooting electrons in E and B
fields.
! By tuning the B field, velocity of electrons were
measured using the principle of velocity selector.
! With the B field off, the amount of deflection
depends on a=qE/m.
!
Clicker question: 1
26

The cyclotron
27

Cyclotrons were invented to accelerate particles for

studies of nuclei.
LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

28

LHC is the largest particle accelerator, synchrotron

(27km circumference).
! It speeds up and increases the energy of a beam of
particles by generating electric fields that
accelerate the particles, and magnetic fields that
steer and focus them.
!

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LECTURE 25

MAGNETISM & MAGNETIC

Reading chapter 22-1 to 22-3

fields and force

Magnets have two magnetic poles: a north pole and a south

Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 1378

Like poles repel, and unlike

of magnetic attraction and repulsion

Magnetic field is the thing that transmits the magnetic

Magnetic field lines

Magnetic fields are visualized

Magnetic field lines: 2

The density of field lines indicate the magnitude of

Force by a magnetic field

The magnitude of magnetic force on a moving charged particle

is the angle between the magnetic field and the velocity of

Definition of magnetic field

The magnetic force on a moving charge is actually

The unit of magnet field, B, is called the tesla, T, which

Magnetic force vector

In order to figure out which direction the

Work done by a magnetic field

The direction of the magnetic force is always

An alpha particle (charge

the force acting on the particle due to

the acceleration of the particle due to

Does the speed of the particle

A positively charged particle in an electric field

The velocity selector

If a particle is moving in perpendicular E and B

of an electron beam deflected by the

Circular motion in magnetic fields

The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity,

The period to complete a circle T is

Fine beam tube

of an electron beam bent into a circle by

The mass spectrometer

The mass spectrometer

Bubbles form around the paths of particles in a bubble chamber.

If the magnetic field is not

The helical path of an electron in a

Magnetic field is stronger on both ends than in the

What causes aurora?

Charged particles ejected from the sun are trapped by Earths

Neutrino mass measurement

Thomsons q/m measurement

J. J. Thomson discovered electrons and measured the

Cyclotrons were invented to accelerate particles for

LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

LHC is the largest particle accelerator, synchrotron

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