WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

First Semester, Final Year

14TL Batch

WCom Systems, Services & Requirements

 Infrastructure & Adhoc modes
2
 Infrastructure & Adhoc modes
3

Infrastructure Ad-hoc
Fixed, pre-located cell sites and base No fixed base stations, very rapid
stations. deployment.
Static backbone network topology Highly dynamic network topologies,
with multi-hop.
Relatively favorable environment Hostile environment (losses, noise…
(because we can plan it) and can’t plan for it) and irregular
stable connectivity. connectivity.
Detailed planning before base Ad-hoc network automatically forms
stations can be installed. and conforms to change.
 Modes of Communication
4

 Simplex
 One way communication

 Duplex
 Full: Two way simultaneous communication
 Half: Two way communication (one direction at one
time)
 Wireless Communication Systems
5

 Wireless communication systems can be used to

provide various kinds of services
 Services eventually dictate the design of these systems
 Broadcast
 Paging
 Cellular communication
 Trunked radio systems
 Cordless telephony
 PANs, LANs etc.
 Broadcast -1
6

 In this application, information is transmitted to

different, possibly mobile, users
 Broadcast -2
7

 Characteristic properties of broadcast radio are

 The information is only sent in one direction
 The broadcast station sends information to the radio or TV
receivers
 Usually, the transmitted information is the same for all
users
 Not always true, for example, in the case of pay-per-view
services
 Severaltransmitters may send the same information
 Examples: AM, FM, DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting),
DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)
 Paging
8

 These systems also use unidirectional wireless

communications
 They often cover a relatively smaller area, such as
a city
 Unlike the conventional "broadcast networks",
information sent on "paging networks" is not
continuously transmitted
 SMS’ are sent via paging channels in GSM
 Cellular communications
9

 Economically, the most important form of wireless

communications
 It is characterised by the following properties:
 Information flow is bidirectional
 Full duplex communications

A section of this course is dedicated to cellular

communications!
 Trunking radio systems -1
10

 Variant of cellular phones

 Theyenable communication between multiple cellular
phones even without a core (backbone) network
 Often used by police departments, fire
departments, taxis, ambulances, rescue and
management departments etc.
 TerrestrialTrunked Radio (TETRA) is a popular trunking
radio system
 Trunking radio systems -2
11

 Characteristic properties of trunking include

 Information flow from one to one, one to many, one to
all
 Can prioritise calls i.e. if all lines are busy, trunking
radio system will disconnect lower priority calls to
connect a higher priority call
 Makes sense for emergency services
 Some trunking radio systems can also act as relays to
extend the range (coverage area) of the system
 Cordless telephony -1
12

 A wireless link between a handset and a "base

station" connected to the public telephone system
 All calls are routed through the public telephone system
 Cordless telephony -2
13

 Characteristic properties of cordless telephony

include
 Informationflow is bidirectional
 Every home/office can have their own base station

 Is mobile!

 Can also be used with Private Automated Branch

eXchanges (PABXs)
 Wireless Standards, coverage wise
14
 Wireless LANs
15

 Similar working principle to cordless telephony -

difference is that WLAN connect user equipment
with a data network i.e. internet
 Popularly known as Wi-Fi
 Wireless fidelity
 Various standards for WLAN include
 IEEE 802.11a ~ 54 Mbps
 IEEE 802.11b ~ 11 Mbps
 IEEE 802.11g ~ 54 Mbps
 IEEE 802.11n ~ 150 Mbps
 Wireless PANs
16

 Wireless Personal Area Networks

 Similar idea to WLANs but much smaller coverage area
 Intended for simple "cable replacement“
 Characteristic properties include
 Short range (10s of meters)
 Low power consumption

 High data rates (several Mbps to 100 Mbps and more)

 Popular WPAN systems are based on infrared, bluetooth,

ultra wideband (UWB), zigbee
 Applications include TV remote, wireless headphones,
wireless peripheral devices (keyboard, mouse, printer)
 Wireless BANs
17

 Connect everything you carry on you and with you

 i.e. on your body
 Potential applications in
 Body sensor network
 Fitness monitoring

 Wearable audio

 Mobile device

 Video stream

 Remote control etc.

 Requirements for services
18

 Not all wireless communication systems need to

provide high dates or have large coverage area
 These systems are designed keeping in mind their
application
 Requirements for services
19

 A wireless communication system may be designed

according to the following requirements
 Data rate
 Coverage area

 Capacity i.e. in terms of number of users

 Mobility

 Power consumption

 Use of spectrum

 Direction of transmission

 Quality of Service etc.

 Data rate as a requirement
20

 Cellular communication systems these days require a

high data rate because of the services we use on
our cell phones
 Viber,Skype, Facebook, Youtube etc.
 Therefore, even 3G is not enough... motivation to go for
4G
 Speech communication require anywhere between 5
and 64 Kbps depending upon the quality of voice
A landline telephone network typically uses 64 kbps
but a cellular phone may require only 10 kbps
 Data rate as a requirement
21

 Wireless Sensor networks don't usually require large

data rates... a few kbps should be more than enough
 A sensor will measure some critical parameters like
temperature, speed, pressure, stress etc. and a radio
transmitter sends the information where ever it needs to be
sent
 Since these properties might only change over seconds or
milli-seconds, therefore we don't need to transmit a large
number of data symbols every second.
 On the other hand, a central node in a WSN will collect
data from a large number of sensors, therefore it has
more data to transmit over a shorter duration of time. In
this case a higher data rate is required.
 Range as a requirement
22

 By range, we mean the distance between the

transmitter and the receiver
 Range can depend on the type of service.
 BANs around 1 m
 PANs around 10 m

 WLANs around 100 meters

 For cellular, anywhere from 5 - 30 Km

 Can also be smaller, for example in the case of femto cells
 Data rates vs Range
23

Courtesy: Wireless Communications by Andreas Molisch

 Capacity
24

 A commercial wireless communication system needs

to accommodate as many users as possible
 Generate revenue!

 GSM based on TDMA vs UMTS based on CDMA!

 More users typically means smaller data rate (if
bandwidth remains the same)
 Mobility
25

 Wireless communication systems will be designed

differently depending on whether the comm system
is mobile
 Effects of Doppler spread!
 For example, IEEE has different standards for fixed
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) and mobile WiMAX (IEEE
802.16e/m)
 Power consumption
26

 Power consumption is critical, especially for wireless

devices
 While designing the WCom system, we need to
consider
 Power supplied from rechargeable batteries
 Power supplied from mains

 LTE is designed in a way that user equipment uses

smaller amount of power than the base station
 Use of spectrum
27

 Spectrum is a scarce resource and yet inefficiently

assigned!
 Now, the focus is on designing WCom systems which
are spectrally efficient

 Cognitive Radio systems are expected to search for

“unused” frequency bands for transmission
28 Generations of Cellular Comm. Systems
 First Generation – 1G
29

 1G started when Advanced Mobile Phone System

(AMPS) was introduced in USA in 1979
 1G systems were analogue
 Users were allocated a frequency band to transmit on
using FDMA with transmission based on FM
 Around the same time, Europe too had 1G systems
 NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone
 TACS: Total Access Communication System
30

 One of the problems with 1G systems was the lack

of compatibility
 Regional standards for 1G were developed
 A cellphone designed for USA could not work in Europe!

 1G systems were analogue

 Had all the disadvantages associated with analogue
systems
 Second Generation – 2G
31

 2G systems were introduced during early nineties

 They enjoy the benefit of using digital
communication and digital signal processing
 1G were analogue, 2G are digital
 2G systems were not compatible with 1G systems
 In most cases
 To solve the compatibility issue, European countries
worked in a group Groupe Special Mobile on a
single standard for cellular communications in
Europe
32

 GSM was
 renamed Global System for Mobile Communication
 assigned 900 MHz band

 Reaping the benefits of advancement in technology,

GSM uses
 TDMA
 Convolutional coding
 GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) modulation
 Equalisers to combat frequency-selective fading
 Interleavers
 Frequency hopping to combat interference
33

 US had its own version of 2G cellular system in the

form of Interim Standard (IS) 95
 IS 95 is based on CDMA
 IS 95 also called cdmaOne

 Operated in 800 MHz band

 IS 95 also relies on digital communication and

digital signal processing for improved performance
over the wireless channel
34

 Japan had the Personal Digital Cellular, a local

version of a 2G system
 PDC could operate in the 800, 900 and 1400 MHz
band
35

GSM cdmaOne PDC

Frequency band 900 800 800, 900 and 1400
(MHz)
Bandwidth (KHz) 200 1250 25
Compressed speech 13 1.2 – 9.6 6.7
rate (Kbps)
Channel data rate 270.8 1228.8 42
(Kbps)
ISI reduction Equaliser RAKE Equaliser
Multiple-Access TDMA CDMA TDMA
 Evolution of 2G systems
36

 Legacy 2G systems like GSM, cdmaOne and PDC

were voice oriented
 Buta paradigm shift was taking place
 Data oriented services were getting popular

 2G system had to evolve!

 Evolution
led to GPRS and EDGE amongst other
standards
37

 GPRS
 General Packet Radio Service
 Delivers data rate up to 171.2 kbps up from 9.6 kbps of
GSM
 2.5 G

 EDGE
 Enhanced Data-rates for GSM Evolution
 Delivers data rate up to 384 kbps
 2.75 G
 Third Generation – 3G
38

 We still had too many standards!

 International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
stepped-in to formulate a single, global standard
for 3G cellular systems

 International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000)

standards were developed
 Aim was to implement 3G systems soon after 2000
39

 In addition to voice services, IMT 2000 was to

provide several Mbps data rate for
 Broadband Internet access
 Interactive gaming

 High quality audio

 Video entertainment

 Etc.

 But the dream of a single standard was just that – a

dream!
40

 Agreement on a single standard did not materialise

 Countries were divided between CDMA2000 and
WCDMA
 Wideband CDMA by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP)
 European block
 CDMA2000 by the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project 2 (3GPP2)
 North American block
41

System Data rate

CDMA2000 1x 144 kbps
CDMA2000 1xEVDO 2.4 Mbps
CDMA2000 1xEVDV 4.8 Mbps
CDMA2000 3x 5-8 Mbps
UMTS 2 Mbps
HSDPA 10 Mbps
 Fourth Generation – 4G
42

 ITU-R put forward the requirements for 4G systems

1 Gbps data rate with low mobility
 100 Mbps data rates with high mobility

 3GPP developed Long Term Evolution (LTE)

standard
 IEEE came up with WiMAX (802.16e)
 3GPP2 developed Ultra Mobile Broadband (now
defunct)
43

 However, LTE and WiMAX 802.16e were not able

to support the data rates required for these systems
to be called 4G
 Service providers advertise them as 4G anyway 

 3GPP then came up with LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)

 IEEE came up with WiMAX 802.16m
 Fifth Generation – 5G
44

 Expected to be “Cognitive Radio Systems”

 Cognition combined with radio communication

 FCC defines these systems as “A radio or system that

senses its operational electromagnetic environment
and can dynamically and autonomously adjust its
radio operating parameters to modify system
operation, such as maximise throughput, mitigate
interference, facilitate interoperability, access
secondary markets”
45

 IEEE has published the IEEE 802.22 standard for

Regional Access Networks