WIRELESS & MOBILE COMMMUNICATION

T V SAI CHARAN REDDY, 2-1 B.Tech(ECE),VBIT. C SREEPRADA, 2-1 B.Tech(ECE),VBIT.

ABSTRACT There are a variety of wireless communication systems for transmitting voice, video, and data in local or wide areas. There are point-to-point wireless bridges, wireless local area networks, multidirectional wireless cellular systems, and satellite communication systems. This topic discusses "mobile" wireless technologies that provide voice and data communication services to mobile users who use cell phones, PDAs, Internet terminals, and related computing devices. In this we totally take a quick review of wireless networking and its advancement in wireless communication. Over and about to it tells us the performance Bluetooth in cellular system and topology. KEYWORDS CDMA, TDMA, GSM, GPRS, AMPS, TACS INTRODUCTION Mobile wireless communication systems have been around since the 1950s. The early systems were single channel "over-and-out" systems. Instead of a cellular configuration, a single radio tower serviced a metropolitan area, which severely limited the scalability of the systems. Service quality varied depending on the location of the caller. Later systems added multiple two-way channels but still had limited capacity. Analog cellular services were introduced by AT&T in the 1970s and became widespread in the 1980s. The primary analog service in the United States is called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). There are similar systems around the world that go by different names. The equivalent system in England is called TACS (Total Access Communications System). Advances in Wireless and Mobile Communications (AWMC) The provides a forum for research and development (R&D). It is open to all researchers from all kind of universities and organisations in the global, aimed at the increasing important area of wireless & mobile communication and multimedia technologies. Advances in Wireless and Mobile Communications (AWMC) is an international research journal, which publishes top-level work from all areas of wireless communications systems, based on radio and infrared transmission mechanisms, and utilizing such

technologies as cellular telephony, personal communications systems, and wireless local area networks. Areas and subareas of interest include (but are not limited to)

Performance and management of mesh and Bluetooth networks, Wi-Fi, WiMax etc o- Performance and resource management of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. o- Performance and management of wireless multimedia systems. o- Resource allocation.

Radio Management. o- Power and energy management. o- Wireless network design and management. o- Measurement, analysis, modeling, and generation. o- Traffic measurement (wireless TCP, etc..). o- Billing and wireless web services. o- (3G/4G wireless billing systems, GPRS billing, etc..). o- Web-Based wireless management. o- Wireless security management. o- Wireless Network planning. o- Wireless Intelligent Networks. o- Performance and Management of Broadband Wireless Management. o- Management and monitoring of wireless and mobile systems. o- User mobility modeling. o- Topology construction and maintenance. o- Interoperability, and performance of heterogeneous wireless networks of different standards. OFDM/OFDMA

o- Multicarrier CDMA o- Channel estimation, synchronization, and equalization o- Peak power reduction o- Linear precoding o- MIMO-OFDM o- Space-time-frequency codes o- Multiuser interference in cellular systems o- Radio resource allocation o- Applications and implementation issues o- Frequency-domain signal processing Management and security of ad hoc network and Traffic routing. The AMPS system is a circuit-oriented communication system that operates in the 824-MHz to 894-MHz frequency range. This range is divided into a pool of 832 full-duplex channel pairs (1 send, 1 receive). Any one of these channels may be assigned to a user. A channel is like physical circuit, except that it occupies a specific radiofrequency range and has a bandwidth of 30 kHz. The circuit remains dedicated to a subscriber call until it is disconnected, even if voice or data is not being transmitted. Cellular systems are described in multiple generations, with third- and fourth-generation (3G and 4G) systems just emerging:

1G systems

These are the analog systems such as AMPS that grew rapidly in the 1980s and are

still available today. Many metropolitan areas have a mix of 1G and 2G systems, as well as emerging 3G systems. The systems use frequency division multiplexing to divide the bandwidth into specific frequencies that are assigned to individual calls.

2G systems

These second-generation systems are digital, and use either TDMA (Time Division

Multiple Access) or CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) access methods. The European GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a 2G digital system with its own TDMA access methods. The 2G digital services began appearing in the late 1980s, providing expanded capacity and unique services such as caller ID, call forwarding, and short messaging. A critical feature was seamless roaming, which lets subscribers move across provider boundaries.

3G systems

3G has become an umbrella term to describe cellular data communications with a

target data rate of 2 Mbits/sec. The ITU originally attempted to define 3G in its IMT-2000 (International Mobile Communications-2000) specification, which specified global wireless frequency ranges, data rates, and availability dates. However, a global standard was difficult to implement due to different frequency allocations around the world and conflicting input. So, three

operating modes were specified. According to Nokia, a 3G device will be a personal, mobile, multimedia communications device that supports speech, color pictures, and video, and various kinds of information content. Nokia's Web site (http://www.Nokia.com) provides interesting information about 3G systems. There is some doubt that 3G systems will ever be able to deliver the bandwidth to support these features because bandwidth is shared. However, 3G systems will certainly support more phone calls per cell.

4G Systems

On the horizon are 4G systems that may become available even before 3G matures

(3G is a confusing mix of standards). While 3G is important in boosting the number of wireless calls, 4G will offer true high-speed data services. 4G data rates will be in the 2-Mbit/sec to 156Mbit/sec range, and possibly higher. 4G will also fully support IP. High data rates are due to advances in signal processors, new modulation techniques, and smart antennas that can focus signals directly at users. OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is one scheme that can provide very high wireless data rates. OFDM is described under its own heading. The move to digital technologies opened up the wireless world. It improved capacity, reduced equipment costs, and allowed for the addition of new features. Reduced handset costs meant more people were vying for services and taxing systems. 3G systems add more capacity. In addition, packet technologies were developed that use bandwidth more efficiently. The primary 1G and 2G digital systems are listed here.

Analog cellular

These are the traditional analog systems such as AMPS and TACS that use

frequency division multiplexing. AMPS operates in the 800-MHz range, while TACS operates in the 900-MHz frequency range.

Hybrid analog/digital cellular (usually called digital cellular)

These systems are analog

AMPS systems in which digitized voice and digital data is modulated onto the analog sine wave of the channel being used. They operate in the same 800-MHz range as analog AMPS and even use the same topology and equipment configuration (cells, towers, etc.). The access method may be either TDMA or CDMA, as discussed in the next section.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

This is a second-generation mobile

system designed from the ground up without trying to be backward compatible with older analog systems. GSM is popular in Europe and Asia, where it provides superior roaming ability among countries. It uses TDMA, but Europe is moving from this system into 3G systems based on a wideband form of CDMA. When digital cellular services were being designed in the early 1980s, the choice was to design a system that was backward compatible with existing analog systems (and used the same frequency allocation) or to design a whole new system. The European community had about seven incompatible analog services,

so it created the GSM system from scratch to operate in the 900-MHz range (and later in the 1,800-MHz range). In the U.S., the digital cellular systems were developed using the AMPS frequency allocation and the TDMA and CDMA access methods. See "CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)" and "TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)." In addition, the FCC allocated new bandwidth in the 1,900-MHz frequency range to accommodate what was called PCS (Personal Communication Services). PCS refers to the 1,900-MHz frequency allocation and to mobile systems that provide services beyond voice (such as digital services that support caller ID, messaging, and other features). Cellular Standards Keeping track of the analog and digital cellular standards can be difficult. Table lists the most common standards. Common Reference Name Analog cellular TIA/EIA-553 Standard Category Frequency Band(s) FDMA analog 800 MHz cellular Analog cellular IS-91 FDMA analog 800 MHz cellular The AMPS standard. Does not support N-AMPS. Same as above, but also and Comments

(enhanced)

includes

N-AMPS

authentication support.

NarrowbandAMPS (N-AMPS) Local AMPS

IS-88

FDMA analog 800 MHz cellular

Divides one FDMA channel into three smaller channels. Meant for PDA and messaging.

IS-94

FDMA analog 800 MHz cellular

A low-power cellular system designed for local (in-building) use.

TDMA cellular, called

digital IS-54 also D-AMPS

TDMA digital 800 MHz cellular

Same as AMPS, except uses digital TDMA to divide each channel into three time-slotted channels. Does not directly

(digital-AMPS)

support data. TDMA cellular (enhanced) digital IS-136 TDMA digital 800 MHz cellular An enhancement to above

(TIA/EIA/IS-54) that supports circuit- switched data at 9,600 bits/sec.

CDMA cellular

digital IS-95a

CDMA digital 800 cellular

MHz Uses spread spectrum radio and code division multiplexing to put up to 20 conversations on a single band. Data rate is 16 Kbits/sec.

1,900 MHz

CDMA b)

digital IS-95b

CDMA digital 800 cellular

MHz A software upgrade to IS-95a that can allocate up to four 16Kbit/sec channels to a user, allowing up to 64 Kbits/sec for data.

cellular (revision

1,900 MHz

HDR

(high

IS-95c compatible

CDMA

A Qualcomm proprietary IPbased wireless data service.

data rate) GSM

TDMA

900 MHz

GSM was designed by the European system. community as a digital system to replace analog

DCS-1800

TDMA

1,800 MHz

This is GSM expanded to the 1,800 MHz range.

Wireless Data Networking While early cellular systems were focused on voice, there is now a lot of interest in supporting data transmissions. The older analog and analog/digital hybrid networks were limited in their data rates, but new standards are emerging with a focus on high data rates.

In a circuit-switched wireless network, a dedicated radio channel is allocated to a single transmission. As long as data transmissions are long and continuous (file transfers), a circuit is used efficiently. However, most data transmissions are bursty, and dedicating an entire circuit to them is usually a waste of valuable wireless bandwidth. During idle periods when no data is being sent, bandwidth is still dedicated to the user and not available for others to use. Packet-switching schemes are best for bursty data traffic. Several packet-switching schemes may be used. In one technique, packets from many users are multiplexed over a single channel. In another technique, packets are inserted into the idle space on any available channel. The busier the network, the less bandwidth that will be available for data. An entire network may be designed just for packet data. Most wireless data systems offer minimal data rates, usually in the 10-Kbit/sec range. That's really only useful for short messaging and occasional Web page lookups. However, new wireless protocols bond multiple channels to increase data rates. The billing methods help differentiate circuit versus packet switching methods. When you connect over a circuit-switched line, the phone company bills you for the entire duration of the call. With packetswitching systems, you are typically billed by the packet. Several packet data schemes are outlined here:

CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)

CDPD provides packet switching on AMPS systems.

Data packets are sent when there is idle time on a channel. The system has a limited data rate, usually about 9,600 bits/sec. The CDPD Forum has more information at http://www.cdpd.org.

Data over GSM networks

A channel bonding technique called HSCSD (high speed circuit

switched data) extends GSM channel capacity to 14.4 Kbits/sec and allows up to four channels to be combined to provide up to 57.6 Kbits/sec throughput.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Provides packet switching for TDMA circuit-switched

networks and data rates of 115 Kbits/sec or higher. GPRS is a tunneling protocol that delivers IP packets across the mobile network to a router that puts them on the Internet.

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) EDGE boosts the data rate of GSM to 384 Kbits/sec.

Improves GSM system data rates with

the modified 8PSK (phase shift keying) modulation technique. The combination of GPRS and

Cellular Systems and Topology A cell in a cellular system is a roughly circular area with a central transmitter/receiver base station as shown in Figure W-6 (although the base station may be located off-center to conform to local topology). The station is raised up on a tower or placed on top of a building. Some are located on church steeples.

The station has a 360-degree omnidirectional antenna (except when directional transmissions are required) that is tuned to create a cellular area of a specific size. Cells are usually pictured as hexagonal in shape and arranged in a honeycomb pattern. Cell size varies depending on the area. In a city, there are many small cells, while rural area may have very large cells. Cellular topology provides a way to maintain an adequate number of call channels even though the actual number of channels available to the entire service area is small. This is possible through frequency reuse. Each cell is assigned a set of channel frequencies, and no adjoining cells may use those frequencies. However, cells further away may use those frequencies because the distance between cells provides a buffer zone that prevents frequency interference. The system is scalable, even though it has a finite number of channels. If channel demand increases in a specific area (such as a metro area), the service provider can divide cells into a number of smaller cells. Transmitter power is turned down to fit the new smaller cell size and channel frequencies are allocated so that no adjoining cells use the same channels. However, channel reuse is possible in cells that are at least one cell apart. Thus, frequency reuse and smaller cell size allow the system to scale. Metro areas may have many small cells while rural area may have large cells. The cell size is designed to accommodate the number of people in the area. When a user turns a phone on, its phone number and serial number are broadcast within the local cell. The base station picks up these signals and informs the switching office that the particular device is located within its area. This information is recorded by the switching office for future reference. An actual call takes place when the user enters a phone number and hits the Send button. The cellular system selects a channel for the user to use during the duration of the call. As users travel, they may move from one cell to another, necessitating a handoff and the selection of a new channel. While in the vicinity of a cell, mobile phone users are under the control of the transmitter/receiver in that cell. A handoff takes place when the base station in one cell transfers control for a user's call to a base station in another cell. When a base station begins to lose a user's signal, it notifies base stations in all the surrounding cells that the user may be moving into their cells. As the user moves into a new cell, the base station in that cell takes over the call. The frequency of the call is changed to a frequency used in the new cell during the transition. This is because adjoining cells cannot use the same frequencies. WIRELESS-INTERNET Millions of people around the world use Internet every day to communicate with others, follow the stock market, keep up with the news, check the weather, make travel plans, conduct business, shop, entertain and learn. Staying connected has become so important that it is hard to get away from your computer and

your Internet connection because you might miss an e-mail message, an update on your stock or some news you need to know. With your business or your personal life growing more dependent on electronic communication over the Internet, you might be ready to take the next step and get a device that allows you to access the Internet on the go. That's where wireless Internet comes in. With a wireless-enabled laptop or PDA you can access the Internet throughout. You have probably seen news or advertising about cell phones and PDAs that let you receive and send e-mail. No longer need your broadband Internet connection be limited to one computer, or even to one room in the house. Over the past two years, wireless Internet has reached further into spaces it has not penetrated before, and you can often find connections in coffee shops, airport lounges and hotels. Some cities are even running wireless broadband networks that cover whole districts and boroughs. Wireless technology allows us to use our equipment without the hassles of cable connected devices. These devices work by sending data from one location to another by bouncing signals off antennas from the devices. In wireless Internet, the wireless router sends the signals to the remote server and the server bounces the signals back to the wireless router so the connection can be made for the wireless Internet service. Advantages of Wireless Internet Wireless Internet provides super fast broadband speed, approaching 2 megabytes per second or faster. More customers are expecting broader bandwidth, so this number should creep up steadily over the next few months to years. Wireless Internet is more affordable and more reliable than satellite broadband , since satellite signals typically have to travel tens of thousands of miles. Wireless Internet is also incredibly responsive, when you call up web pages, download emails, and engage in teleconferencing or video conferencing over the net, your wireless Internet system will yield ultra fast transmission. Weather, radio frequencies, and traffic congestion can all impede wireless Internet flow. Moreover, with the construction of transmission towers across the nation, it's a safe bet that if you live within a reasonable proximity of an urban area, you will be near to a wireless Internet tower. The wireless Internet broadband service offers rural Web surfers a way to tap into high speed telecommunications without laying down fiber or reconfiguring the public switched telephone network system based on new DSL standards. Thus, delivering communications to a small town in an area which lacks cable infrastructure or merely looking to avoid the slower speeds and sometimes confusing plans associated with DSL, wireless Internet is a wonderful way to optimize your surfing time.

CONCLUSION Now-a-days every individual in the world possesses a means of wireless communication. It has become major part in the basic means of communication. One can know every thing around us. One can witness everything whether needed it should be used in a right way. Yesterdays luxurious things have turned to be todays essential one. So when we use more of such ways it leads to health hazards. The technology has improved in such a way that every individual irrespective of his/her status possesses this means of communication. REFERENCES Professor Marwan Al-Akaidi Professor of Digital Communications & Signal Processing Head of School - Engineering & Technology De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK. Chairman of IEEE UKRI - SPC IEEE UKRI Conferences coordinator www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/communications