2 Networking

Networking Devices
Hubs
The bottom of the networking food chain, so to speak, are
hubs. Hubs are used in networks that use twisted-pair cabling
to connect devices. Hubs can also be joined together to create
larger networks. Hubs are simple devices that direct data
packets to all devices connected to the hub, regardless of
whether the data package is destined for the device. This
makes them inefficient devices and can create a performance
bottleneck on busy networks.
Passive Hub
A hub does nothing except provide a pathway
for the electrical signals to travel along
Active Hub
Providing a path for the data signals,
regenerates the signal before it forwards it to
all of the connected devices
Switches
Switches are the connectivity points of an Ethernet network. Devices
connect to switches via twisted-pair cabling, one cable for each device.
The difference between hubs and switches is in how the devices deal
with the data that they receive. Whereas a hub forwards the data it
receives to all of the ports on the device, a switch forwards it only to
the port that connects to the destination device. It does this by
learning the MAC address of the devices attached to it, and then by
matching the destination MAC address in the data it receives
Bridges
Bridges are used to divide larger networks into smaller sections. They
do this by sitting between two physical network segments and
managing the flow of data between the two. By looking at the MAC
address of the devices connected to each segment, bridges can elect to
forward the data (if they believe that the destination address is on
another interface), or block it from crossing (if they can verify that it is
on the interface from which it came)
Types of Bridges
• Transparent bridge - Derives its name from the fact that the devices
on the network are unaware of its existence. A transparent bridge
does nothing except block or forward data based on the MAC
address.
• Source route bridge - Used in Token Ring networks. The source route
bridge derives its name from the fact that the entire path that the
packet is to take through the network is embedded within the packet.
• Translational bridge - Used to convert one networking data format to
another; for example, from Token Ring to Ethernet and vice versa. Today,
bridges are slowly but surely falling out of favor. Ethernet switches offer
similar functionality; they can provide logical divisions, or segments, in the
network. In fact, switches are sometimes referred to as multiport bridges
because of the way they operate
When the host on the ring wishes to communicate with

any host on the Ethernet, it transmits the token ring
frame which the bridge receives, strips of token ring
headers, and reconstructs in Ethernet format. The bridge
then transmits the frame to the host on the destination
segment
Routers
In a common configuration, routers are used to create larger networks
by joining two network segments. Such as a SOHO (small office or home
office ) router used to connect a user to the Internet. A router can be a
dedicated hardware device or a computer system with more than one
network interface and the appropriate routing software. All modern network
operating systems include the functionality to act as a router.
A router derives its name from the fact that it can route data it
receives from one network onto another. When a router receives a packet of
data, it reads the header of the packet to determine the destination address.
Once it has determined the address, it looks in its routing table to determine
whether it knows how to reach the destination and, if it does, it forwards the
packet to the next hop on the route
Static Routing
Routes and route information are entered into the routing tables
manually. Not only can this be a time-consuming task, but also errors are more
common. Additionally, when there is a change in the layout, or topology, of the
network, statically configured routers must be manually updated with the
changes. Again, this is a time-consuming and potentially error-laden task.
Dynamic Routing
Routers use special routing protocols to communicate. The purpose of
these protocols is simple; they enable routers to pass on information about
themselves to other routers so that other routers can build routing tables. There
are two types of routing protocols used—the older distance vector protocols
and the newer link state protocols.
Gateways
Any device that translates one data format to another is called a
gateway. Some examples of gateways include a router that translates data from
one network protocol to another, a bridge that converts between two
networking systems, and a software application that converts between two
dissimilar formats. The key point about a gateway is that only the data format is
translated, not the data itself. In many cases, the gateway functionality is
incorporated into another device.
Modems
Short for modulator/demodulator, is a device that converts the digital
signals generated by a computer into analog signals that can travel over
conventional phone lines. The modem at the receiving end converts the signal
back into a format the computer can understand. Modems can be used as a
means to connect to an ISP or as a mechanism for dialing up to a LAN.
Modems can be internal add-in expansion cards, external devices that
connect to the serial or USB port of a system.
Firewalls
A firewall is a networking device, either hardware or software based,
that controls access to your organization’s network. This controlled access is
designed to protect data and resources from an outside threat. To do this,
firewalls are typically placed at entry/exit points of a network for example,
placing a firewall between an internal network and the Internet. Once there,
it can control access in and out of that point. Although firewalls typically
protect internal networks from public networks, they are also used to control
access between specific network segments within a network
Hardware firewall is a unit that is connected between the network and the
device for connecting to the internet, hardware firewalls are used more in
companies and large corporations. These devices are usually placed between
the router and the Internet connection.
Software firewall - Program that is installed on the computer with the Internet
connection. Similarly there are computers with specific software programs that
are placed behind the router and whose only function is to provide the
network firewall.

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Networking Devices

When the host on the ring wishes to communicate with

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