Turbulence Modeling: A Discussion On Different Techniques Used in Turbulence Modeling

TURBULENCE MODELING
A Discussion on Different Techniques used in Turbulence Modeling
-Reni Raju
Topics Covered
Concept
Definition
Methods of Solving Turbulent Equations
Navier Stokes Equation
Models
2
Turbulence
Examples:
Wake of a water near the columnn of a
bridge.
Dispersion of Smoke in the atmosphere.
3
Definition
 A Fluid motion in which velocity,pressure, and other flow quantities
fluctuate irregularly in time and space.
 “Turbulent Fluid motion is an irregular condition of flow in which the

various quantities show a random variation with time and space
coordinates, so that statistically distinct average values can be
obsevered.”
- Hinze
 “Turbulence is due to the formation of point or line vortice on which

some component of the velocity becomes infinite.:”
-Jean Leray
4
Methods for Solving
Turbulent Equations
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION

(DNS)
LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION
(LES)
REYNOLDS AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES
(RANS)
5
Navier Stokes Equation
For a Steady, Incompressible Fluid the

Continuity and x-momentum equations
u v w
  0
x y z
u u u 1 dp  2u  2u  2u
u v w    2 2 2
x x x  dx x y z
6
For turbulent flow,
u (t )  u  u ' (t )
The time averages,
  
1 t T 1 t T
u' 
T t
u (t )  u dt 
T 
t
u ' (t )dt  0
7
Time averaged Navier Stokes Equation
u u u 1 dp   2 u  2 u  2 u   u '2 u ' v' u ' w' 

u v w   v 2  2  2    
x y z  dx  x y z   x y z 
For all the Three Momentum Equation
 ( xx  u '2 ) ( xy  u ' v') ( xz  u ' w')

 
 ij   ( yx  v' u ') ( yy  v' ) ( yz  v' w') 
2
 2 
(
 zx  u ' w ') (  w' v ') (  w ' )
zy zz

8
Turbulence Models
Integral Method
Eddy-Viscosity Models
Zero-Equation Models
One-Equation Models
Two- Equation Models
Reynolds Stress Models

9
1.Integral Method
Advantages
-Computational Simplicity and Ease.
-Useful for same kind of flow.
-Easy to interpolate with experimental bench marks.
Disadvantages
-Lack of Flexibility.
10
2.Eddy Viscosity models
For 2-D incompressible boundary layer

equation
u  u ' v'
 u ' v'   or 
y u
y
Momentum Equation,
u u 1 dp     u
u v   v 1  
x y  dx y  v  y
11
(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
 u 
 i  l.l  
 y 
 

 0  0.0168 (ue  u )dy
0
12
(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Simplest of Models satisfying the requirements.
Disadvantages
-Some ad hoc assumptions have to be made regarding boundary layer and
velocity.
13
(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
u
 q2 2
x
v
 q2 2
y
v

y

1   (r ) 
 q2 2
y
 v Sij
ui
xi
  q2
 Cv 1   (r ) 2
2l
where
q 2 u '2  v'2  w'2 Turbulence Kinetic Energy
 ,
2 2

 Dimensionless Turbulent Viscosity

1  ui u j 
Sij   Mean Strain Rate
2  x j xi 

14
(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Additional assumptions can be avoided.
-Break from the equilibrium concepts in a practical consderation.
Disadvantages
-The length scale is still a algebraic quantity.
-Computationally more difficult.
15
(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
Turbulence K.E.
 k   
2
k u i   T  k 1/ 2 
u j   ij    
       2  


x j x j x j  k  x j    x j  

Dissipation Rate
    
2
  u i T  2 2T  u 2
u j  C1  ij    
    C2   2 
x j k x j x j    x j  k   x2 
16
(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Overcomes the short comings of zero and one equation model.
Disadvantages
-Not appropriate to use in a viscous sublayer.
-Still need to make assumptions.
17
3.Reynolds Stress Models
Advantages
-More General than Eddy-Viscosity Models.
-Better Prediction for flow with sudden changes.
-Possible Ultimate turbulence models.
Disadvantages
-None of the equations can be solved exactly.
-Computational difficulty because of more no. of PDE.
18
Causes of Turbulent Motion .
Steady State.
Mass Weighted averaging.
19

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TURBULENCE MODELING

A Discussion on Different Techniques used in Turbulence Modeling

 “Turbulent Fluid motion is an irregular condition of flow in which the

 “Turbulence is due to the formation of point or line vortice on which

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION

For a Steady, Incompressible Fluid the

The time averages,

u u u 1 dp   2 u  2 u  2 u   u '2 u ' v' u ' w' 

For all the Three Momentum Equation

 ( xx  u '2 ) ( xy  u ' v') ( xz  u ' w')

Reynolds Stress Models

For 2-D incompressible boundary layer

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