Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-68 A compressed air pipe is subjected to uniform heat flux on the outer surface and convection on the
inner surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the surface
temperatures are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center line. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There
is no heat generation in the pipe.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 14 W/mC.
Analysis (a) Noting that the 85% of the 300 W generated by the strip heater is transferred to the pipe, the
heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be
q s

Q s
Q s
0.85 300 W

169.1 W/m 2
A2 2r2 L 2 (0.04 m)(6 m)

Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
r

d dT
r
0
dr dr
k

and

Heater

r2

dT (r1 )
h[T T (r1 )]
dr

Air, -10C

dT (r2 )
q s
dr

r1

L=6 m

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives

r

dT
C1
dr

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then integrating,
dT C1

dr
r
T (r ) C1 ln r C2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r = r2:

r = r1:

C1
q r
q s C1 s 2
r2
k

C1
k
k q s r2
C1 = T ln r1

h[T (C1 ln r1 C 2 )] C 2 T ln r1
r1
hr
hr
1
1 k

Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

r
k
k
k q s r2
C1 T ln r ln r1
C1 T ln

T (r ) C1 ln r T ln r1
hr1
hr1

r1 hr1 k
r
(169.1 W/m 2 )(0.04 m)
r

14 W/m C

10C ln
10 0.483 ln 12.61
r (30 W/m 2 C)(0.037 m)
14 W/m C
r1

2-34

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

(c) The inner and outer surface temperatures are determined by direct substitution to be
r1

Inner surface (r = r1): T (r1 ) 10 0.483 ln 12.61 10 0.4830 12.61 3.91C

r1

r2

0.04

12.61 3.87C
Outer surface (r = r2): T (r1 ) 10 0.483 ln 12.61 10 0.483 ln
0.037

r1

Note that the pipe is essentially isothermal at a temperature of about -3.9C.

2-35

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-69
"GIVEN"
L=6 "[m]"
r_1=0.037 "[m]"
r_2=0.04 "[m]"
k=14 "[W/m-C]"
Q_dot=300 "[W]"
T_infinity=-10 "[C]"
h=30 "[W/m^2-C]"
f_loss=0.15
"ANALYSIS"
q_dot_s=((1-f_loss)*Q_dot)/A
A=2*pi*r_2*L
T=T_infinity+(ln(r/r_1)+k/(h*r_1))*(q_dot_s*r_2)/k "Variation of temperature"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
r [m]
0.037
0.03733
0.03767
0.038
0.03833
0.03867
0.039
0.03933
0.03967
0.04

T [C]
3.906
3.902
3.898
3.893
3.889
3.885
3.881
3.877
3.873
3.869

-3.87

T [C]

-3.879

-3.888

-3.897

-3.906
0.037

0.0375

0.038

0.0385

0.039

0.0395

0.04

r [m]

2-70 A spherical container is subjected to uniform heat flux on the outer surface and specified temperature
on the inner surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the outer
surface temperature, and the maximum rate of hot water supply are to be determined for steady onedimensional heat transfer.

2-36

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since there is no change with time and there
is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There is no heat generation
in the container.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 1.5 W/mC. The specific heat of water at the
average temperature of (100+20)/2 = 60C is 4.185 kJ/kgC (Table A-9).
Analysis (a) Noting that the 90% of the 500 W generated by the strip heater is transferred to the container,
the heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be
q s

Q s
Q s
0.90 500 W

213.0 W/m 2
A2 4r22 4 (0.41 m) 2

Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
d 2 dT
r
0
dr
dr

Insulation

T (r1 ) T1 100 C

and

Heater

dT (r2 )
k
q s
dr

T1

k
r1

r2

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives

r2

dT
C1
dr

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r2 and then integrating,

dT C1

dr r 2
T (r )

C1
C2
r

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r = r2:

r = r1:

C1
r22

q s C1

T (r1 ) T1

q s r22
k

C1
C
q r 2
C2 C2 T1 1 T1 s 2
r1
r1
kr1

Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
T (r )

1 1
1 1 q r 2
C1
C
C
C 2 1 T1 1 T1 C1 T1 s 2
r
r
r1
r1 r
r1 r k

1 (213 W/m 2 )(0.41 m) 2

1
1

100C

100 23.87 2.5
1.5 W/m C
r
0.40 m r

(c) The outer surface temperature is determined by direct substitution to be

1
Outer surface (r = r2): T (r2 ) 100 23.87 2.5
r2

100 23.87 2.5

101.5C
0.41

Noting that the maximum rate of heat supply to the water is 0.9 500 W = 450 W, water can be heated
from 20 to 100C at a rate of

2-37

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

p T m
Q mC

Q
0.450 kJ / s

0.00134 kg / s = 4.84 kg / h
C p T (4.185 kJ / kg C)(100 20) C

2-38

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-71
"GIVEN"
r_1=0.40 "[m]"
r_2=0.41 "[m]"
k=1.5 "[W/m-C]"
T_1=100 "[C]"
Q_dot=500 "[W]"
f_loss=0.10
"ANALYSIS"
q_dot_s=((1-f_loss)*Q_dot)/A
A=4*pi*r_2^2
T=T_1+(1/r_1-1/r)*(q_dot_s*r_2^2)/k "Variation of temperature"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
r [m]
0.4
0.4011
0.4022
0.4033
0.4044
0.4056
0.4067
0.4078
0.4089
0.41

T [C]
100
100.2
100.3
100.5
100.7
100.8
101
101.1
101.3
101.5

101.6
101.4
101.2

T [C]

101
100.8
100.6
100.4
100.2
100
0.4

0.402

0.404

0.406

r [m]

2-39

0.408

0.41

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

Heat Generation in Solids

2-72C No. Heat generation in a solid is simply the conversion of some form of energy into sensible heat
energy. For example resistance heating in wires is conversion of electrical energy to heat.
2-73C Heat generation in a solid is simply conversion of some form of energy into sensible heat energy.
Some examples of heat generations are resistance heating in wires, exothermic chemical reactions in a solid,
and nuclear reactions in nuclear fuel rods.
2-74C The rate of heat generation inside an iron becomes equal to the rate of heat loss from the iron when
steady operating conditions are reached and the temperature of the iron stabilizes.
2-75C No, it is not possible since the highest temperature in the plate will occur at its center, and heat
cannot flow uphill.
2-76C The cylinder will have a higher center temperature since the cylinder has less surface area to lose
heat from per unit volume than the sphere.
2-77 A 2-kW resistance heater wire with a specified surface temperature is used to boil water. The center
temperature of the wire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional
since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial direction. 3 Thermal
conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 20 W/mC.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a
rate of 2 kW. The rate of heat generation per unit volume of the wire is
g

Q gen
V wire

Q gen

ro L
2

2000 W

(0.0025 m) 2 (0.7 m)

1.455 10 8 W/m 3

The center temperature of the wire is then determined from Eq. 2-71 to be
To Ts

110C

g ro
(1.455 10 W/m )(0.0025 m)
110C
121.4C
4k
4(20 W/m.C)

2-40

r
D

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-78 Heat is generated in a long solid cylinder with a specified surface
temperature. The variation of temperature in the cylinder is given by
2
g r02 r
1 Ts
T (r )
k r0

80C

(a) Heat conduction is steady since there is no time t variable involved.

(b) Heat conduction is a one-dimensional.

k
go

r
D

(c) Using Eq. (1), the heat flux on the surface of the cylinder at r = r0 is
determined from its definition to be
q s k

g r 2
dT (r0 )
k 0
dr
k

g r 2
2r

k
r 2
k
0 r r0

2r0

r2
0

2-41

2 g r0 2(35 W/cm 3 )(4 cm) = 280 W/cm 2

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-79
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.04 "[m]"
k=25 "[W/m-C]"
g_dot_0=35E+6 "[W/m^3]"
T_s=80 "[C]"
"ANALYSIS"
T=(g_dot_0*r_0^2)/k*(1-(r/r_0)^2)+T_s "Variation of temperature"
"r is the parameter to be varied"

r [m]
0
0.004444
0.008889
0.01333
0.01778
0.02222
0.02667
0.03111
0.03556
0.04

T [C]
2320
2292
2209
2071
1878
1629
1324
964.9
550.1
80

2500

T [C]

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

r [m]

2-42

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-80E A long homogeneous resistance heater wire with specified convection conditions at the surface is
used to boil water. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the wire, and the
temperature at the centerline of the wire are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 8.6 Btu/hftF.
Analysis Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical
formulation of this problem can be expressed as
1 d dT g
r
0
r dr dr k
and k

dT (r0 )
h[T (r0 ) T ] (convection at the outer surface)
dr
dT (0)
0 (thermal symmetry about the centerline)
dr

Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r

and rearranging gives
g
d dT
r
r
dr dr
k

dT
g r 2

C1
dr
k 2

Water
ro

T
h

Integrating with respect to r gives

r

Heater

(a)

It is convenient at this point to apply the second boundary condition since it is related to the first derivative
of the temperature by replacing all occurrences of r and dT/dr in the equation above by zero. It yields
B.C. at r = 0:

dT (0)
g

0 C1
dr
2k

C1 0

Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
g

r
dr
2k
and

T (r )

g 2
r C2
4k

(b)

Applying the second boundary condition at r r0 ,

B. C. at r r0 :

g r0
g r
g 2
g 2

h
r0 C 2 T C 2 T 0
r0
2k
2h 4k
4k

Substituting this C2 relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give

T (r ) T

gr
g 2
(r0 r 2 ) 0
4k
2h

which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r. Then the
temperature at the center line (r = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be

2-43

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

T (0) T

g 2 g r0
r0
4k
2h
2

212F +

(1800 Btu/h.in 3 )(0.25 in) 2 12 in (1800 Btu/h.in 3 )(0.25 in ) 12 in

290.8F
4 (8.6 Btu/h.ft.F)
1 ft
2 (820 Btu/h ft 2 F) 1 ft

Thus the centerline temperature will be about 80F above the temperature of the surface of the wire.

2-44

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-81E
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.25/12 "[ft]"
k=8.6 "[Btu/h-ft-F]"
"g_dot=1800 [Btu/h-in^3], parameter to be varied"
T_infinity=212 "[F]"
h=820 "[Btu/h-ft^2-F]"
"ANALYSIS"
T_0=T_infinity+(g_dot/Convert(in^3, ft^3))/(4*k)*(r_0^2-r^2)+((g_dot/Convert(in^3, ft^3))*r_0)/
(2*h) "Variation of temperature"
r=0 "for centerline temperature"
g [Btu/h.in3]
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400

T0 [F]
229.5
238.3
247
255.8
264.5
273.3
282
290.8
299.5
308.3
317

320

300

T0 [F]

280

260

240

220
250

700

1150

1600
3

g [Btu/h-in ]

2-45

2050

2500

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-82 A nuclear fuel rod with a specified surface temperature is used as the fuel in a nuclear reactor. The
center temperature of the rod is to be determined.
175C
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication
of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since
there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in
the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the rod is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 29.5
W/mC.
Analysis The center temperature of the rod is determined from
To Ts

g ro 2
(7 10 7 W/m 3 )(0.025 m) 2
175C
545.8C
4k
4(29.5 W/m.C)

2-46

Uranium rod

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-83 Both sides of a large stainless steel plate in which heat is generated uniformly are exposed to
convection with the environment. The location and values of the highest and the lowest temperatures in the
plate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the
center plane 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =15.1 W/mC.
Analysis The lowest temperature will occur at surfaces of plate
while the highest temperature will occur at the midplane. Their
values are determined directly from

T =30C
g L
(5 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.015 m)
h=60 W/m2.C
Ts T
30C
155C
2
h
60 W/m .C
gL2
(5 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.015 m) 2
To Ts
155C
158.7C
2k
2(15.1 W/m.C)

k
g
T =30C
2L=3 cm

h=60 W/m2.C

2-84 Heat is generated uniformly in a large brass plate. One side of the plate is insulated while the other
side is subjected to convection. The location and values of the highest and the lowest temperatures in the
plate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the
center plane 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =111 W/mC.
Analysis This insulated plate whose thickness is L is equivalent to
one-half of an uninsulated plate whose thickness is 2L since the
midplane of the uninsulated plate can be treated as insulated
surface. The highest temperature will occur at the insulated surface
while the lowest temperature will occur at the surface which is
exposed to the environment. Note that L in the following relations
is the full thickness of the given plate since the insulated side
represents the center surface of a plate whose thickness is doubled.
The desired values are determined directly from
Ts T
To Ts

k
g
Insulated

g L
(2 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m)
25C
252.3C
h
44 W/m 2 .C

g L2
(2 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
252.3C
254.5C
2k
2(111 W/m.C)

2-47

L=5 cm

T =25C
h=44 W/m2.C

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-85
"GIVEN"
L=0.05 "[m]"
k=111 "[W/m-C]"
g_dot=2E5 "[W/m^3]"
T_infinity=25 "[C]"
"h=44 [W/m^2-C], parameter to be varied"
"ANALYSIS"
T_min=T_infinity+(g_dot*L)/h
T_max=T_min+(g_dot*L^2)/(2*k)
h [W/m2.C]
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

Tmin [C]
525
425
358.3
310.7
275
247.2
225
206.8
191.7
178.8
167.9
158.3
150
142.6
136.1
130.3
125

Tmax [C]
527.3
427.3
360.6
313
277.3
249.5
227.3
209.1
193.9
181.1
170.1
160.6
152.3
144.9
138.4
132.5
127.3

2-48

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

550
500
450

Tmin [C]

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

80

90

100

h [W/m -C]

550
500
450

Tmax [C]

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
20

30

40

50

60

70

h [W/m -C]

2-49

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-86 A long resistance heater wire is subjected to convection at its outer surface. The surface temperature of
the wire is to be determined using the applicable relations directly and by solving the applicable differential
equation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15.1 W/mC.
Analysis (a) The heat generation per unit volume of the wire is
g

Q gen
Vwire

Q gen
2

ro L

2000 W
2

(0.001 m) (6 m)

1061
.
108 W / m 3

The surface temperature of the wire is then (Eq. 2-68)

Ts T

T
h

T
h

k
g
0

o
gr
(1061
.
108 W / m3 )(0.001 m)
30 C
409 C
2h
2(140 W / m 2 . C)

ro

(b) The mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as

1 d dT g
r
0
r dr dr k
dT (r0 )
h[T (r0 ) T ] (convection at the outer surface)
dr
dT (0)
0 (thermal symmetry about the centerline)
dr
Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r and integrating gives
g
d dT
dT
g r 2
r
r r

C1
(a)
dr dr
k
dr
k 2
Applying the boundary condition at the center line,
dT (0)
g
0

0 C1 C1 0
B.C. at r = 0:
dr
2k
Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
g
g 2

r
T (r )
r C2

(b)
dr
2k
4k
Applying the boundary condition at r r0 ,
g r
g r
g 2
g 2

k 0 h
r0 C 2 T C 2 T 0
r0
B. C. at r r0 :
2k
4
k
2
h
4
k

Substituting this C2 relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give

gr
g 2
T (r ) T
(r0 r 2 ) 0
4k
2h
which is the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r. Then the temperature of the wire at the
surface (r = r0 ) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
and k

T (r0 ) T

gr
gr
g 2
(1.061 108 W / m3 )(0.001 m)
(r0 r02 ) 0 T o 30 C
409 C
4k
2h
2h
2(140 W / m 2 . C)

Note that both approaches give the same result.

r
2-87E Heat is generated uniformly in a resistance heater wire. The temperature difference between the
Ts
center and the surface of the wire is to be determined.
ro

2-50

0
Heater

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change
with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the
axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 5.8
Btu/hftF.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a rate of 3 kW. The rate of heat
generation per unit length of the wire is
g

Q gen
V wire

Q gen

ro 2 L

(3 3412.14 Btu/h)
2.933 10 8 Btu/h.ft 3
(0.04 / 12 ft) 2 (1 ft)

Then the temperature difference between the centerline and the surface becomes
Tmax

g ro 2 (2.933 10 8 Btu/h.ft 3 )(0.04 / 12 ft) 2

140.4F
4k
4(5.8 Btu/h.ft.F)

2-88E Heat is generated uniformly in a resistance heater wire. The temperature difference between the
center and the surface of the wire is to be determined.
r
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change
Ts
with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
ro
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the
axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
0
generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 4.5
Btu/hftF.

Heater

Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a rate of 3 kW. The rate of heat
generation per unit volume of the wire is
g

Q gen
V wire

Q gen

ro 2 L

(3 3412.14 Btu/h)
2.933 10 8 Btu/h.ft 3
(0.04 / 12 ft) 2 (1 ft)

Then the temperature difference between the centerline and the surface becomes
Tmax

g ro 2 (2.933 10 8 Btu/h.ft 3 )(0.04 / 12 ft) 2

181.0F
4k
4(4.5 Btu/h.ft.F)

2-51

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-89 Heat is generated uniformly in a spherical radioactive material with specified surface temperature. The
mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the sphere, and the center temperature are to be
determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any changes with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant.
4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15 W/mC.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
1 d 2 dT g
r
0
dr k
r 2 dr
and

with g constant

T (r0 ) Ts 80C (specified surface temperature)

Ts=80C

k
g
0

ro

dT (0)
0 (thermal symmetry about the mid point)
dr
(b) Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r2 and rearranging gives
g 2
d 2 dT
r
r
dr
dr
k
Integrating with respect to r gives
dT
g r 3
(a)
r2

C1
dr
k 3
Applying the boundary condition at the mid point,
dT (0)
g
0

0 C1
C1 0
B.C. at r = 0:
dr
3k
Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r2 to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
g
r
dr
3k
g 2
T (r )
r C2
and
(b)
6k
Applying the other boundary condition at r r0 ,
g 2
g 2
Ts
r0 C2 C2 Ts
r0
B. C. at r r0 :
6k
6k
Substituting this C2 relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
g 2
T (r ) Ts
(r0 r 2 )
6k
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r.
(c) The temperature at the center of the sphere (r = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to
be
g r 2
g
(4 10 7 W/m 3 )(0.04 m ) 2
T (0 ) T s
(r02 0 2 ) Ts 0 80C +
791C
6k
6k
6 (15 W/ m.C)
Thus the temperature at center will be about 711C above the temperature of the outer surface of the sphere.

2-52

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-90
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.04 "[m]"
g_dot=4E7 "[W/m^3]"
T_s=80 "[C]"
k=15 "[W/m-C], Parameter to be varied"
"ANALYSIS"
T=T_s+g_dot/(6*k)*(r_0^2-r^2) "Temperature distribution as a function of r"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
T_0=T_s+g_dot/(6*k)*r_0^2 "Temperature at the center (r=0)"
r [m]
0
0.002105
0.004211
0.006316
0.008421
0.01053
0.01263
0.01474
0.01684
0.01895
0.02105
0.02316
0.02526
0.02737
0.02947
0.03158
0.03368
0.03579
0.03789
0.04

T [C]
791.1
789.1
783.2
773.4
759.6
741.9
720.2
694.6
665
631.6
594.1
552.8
507.5
458.2
405
347.9
286.8
221.8
152.9
80

k [W/m.C]
10
30.53
51.05
71.58
92.11
112.6
133.2
153.7
174.2
194.7
215.3
235.8
256.3
276.8
297.4
317.9
338.4
358.9
379.5

T0 [C]
1147
429.4
288.9
229
195.8
174.7
160.1
149.4
141.2
134.8
129.6
125.2
121.6
118.5
115.9
113.6
111.5
109.7
108.1

2-53

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

400

106.7
800
700
600

T [C]

500
400
300
200
100
0
0

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

r [m]

1200
1000

T0 [C]

800
600
400
200
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

k [W/m-C]

2-54

300

350

400

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-91 A long homogeneous resistance heater wire with specified surface temperature is used to boil water.
The temperature of the wire 2 mm from the center is to be determined in steady operation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 8 W/mC.
Analysis Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical
formulation of this problem can be expressed as
r
1 d dT g
r
0
180C
r dr dr k
ro
T (r0 ) Ts 180C (specified surface temperature)
and
g
dT (0)
0 (thermal symmetry about the centerline)
dr

Resistance wire

Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r and rearranging gives

g
d dT
r
r
dr dr
k
Integrating with respect to r gives
dT
g r 2
r

C1
(a)
dr
k 2
It is convenient at this point to apply the boundary condition at the center since it is related to the first
derivative of the temperature. It yields
dT (0)
g
0

0 C1 C1 0
B.C. at r = 0:
dr
2k
Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
g

r
dr
2k
g 2
T (r )
r C2
and
(b)
4k
Applying the other boundary condition at r r0 ,
B. C. at r r0 :

Ts

g 2
r0 C2
4k

C2 Ts

g 2
r0
4k

Substituting this C2 relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give

T (r ) Ts

g 2 2
(r0 r )
4k

which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r. The temperature
2 mm from the center line (r = 0.002 m) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
T (0.002 m) Ts

g 2
5 10 7 W / m 3
(r0 r 2 ) 180 C +
[(0.005 m) 2 (0.002 m) 2 ] 212.8 C
4k
4 (8 W / m. C)

Thus the temperature at that location will be about 33C above the temperature of the outer surface of the
wire.

2-55

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-92 Heat is generated in a large plane wall whose one side is insulated while the other side is maintained at
a specified temperature. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the wall, and the
temperature of the insulated surface are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the wall is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the
center plane. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation varies with location in the x direction.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 30 W/mC.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in
x direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be
expressed as
2

d T
dx

g ( x )
0
k

k
g
Insulated

where

g g 0 e 0.5 x / L

and

dT (0)
0 (insulated surface at x = 0)
dx

T2 =30C

and g 0 = 8106 W/m3

L

T ( L) T2 30C (specified surface temperature)

(b) Rearranging the differential equation and integrating,
g
g e 0.5x / L
d 2T
dT
dT 2 g 0 L 0.5 x / L
0 e 0.5x / L
0
C1

e
C1
2
k
dx
k

0
.
5
/
L
dx
k
dx
Integrating one more time,
2 g L e 0.5x / L
4 g L2
T ( x) 0
C1 x C2 T ( x ) 0 e 0.5 x / L C1 x C2 (1)
k 0.5 / L
k
Applying the boundary conditions:
2 g L
2 g L
dT (0) 2 g 0 L 0.5 0/ L
B.C. at x = 0:

e
C1 0 0 C1 C1 0
dx
k
k
k
2
2
4 g L
4 g L
2 g L2
B. C. at x = L:
T ( L) T2 0 e 0.5 L / L C1 L C2 C2 T2 0 e 0.5 0
k
k
k
Substituting the C1 and C2 relations into Eq. (1) and rearranging give
g 0 L2
[4(e 0.5 e 0.5 x / L ) (2 x / L)]
k
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wall as a function of x.
(c) The temperature at the insulate surface (x = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
T ( x ) T2

g 0 L2
[4(e 0.5 e 0 ) (2 0 / L)]
k
(8 10 6 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
30C
[4(e 0.5 1) (2 0)] 314.1C
(30 W/m C)

T (0 ) T 2

Therefore, there is a temperature difference of almost 300C between the two sides of the plate.

2-56

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-93
"GIVEN"
L=0.05 "[m]"
T_s=30 "[C]"
k=30 "[W/m-C]"
g_dot_0=8E6 "[W/m^3]"
"ANALYSIS"
g_dot=g_dot_0*exp((-0.5*x)/L) "Heat generation as a function of x"
"x is the parameter to be varied"
x [m]
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05

g [W/m3]
8.000E+06
7.610E+06
7.239E+06
6.886E+06
6.550E+06
6.230E+06
5.927E+06
5.638E+06
5.363E+06
5.101E+06
4.852E+06

8.0x106
7.5x106

g [W/m^3]

7.0x106
6.5x106
6.0x106
5.5x106
5.0x106
4.5x106
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

x [m]

2-57

0.04

0.05