2022-2023 Spring

ARCH 306 Building Systems

02 . Active Systems in Buildings

and Their Relation with Passive Systems
Ozyegin University Architecture and Design Faculty
Department of Architecture
Dr. Neşe Ganiç Sağlam
Dr. Feride ŞenerYılmaz
 PASSIVE SYSTEMS ?
 Settlement Configuration
 Building Orientation
 Space Organization
 Thermal Comfort
Occupant  Visual Comfort
 Passive Solar Heat Gain
Systems
Comfort  Aural/acoustical Comfort
 Building Envelope Design
 Material Selection
 Daylight Strategies
ARE PASSIVE SYSTEMS SUFFICIENT FOR PROVIDING THERMAL COMFORT?
OSLO MUMBAI

RIYADH

Climatic Conditions & Geographic Location

 Heating
 Cooling
 Lighting
 Ventilation
Psychometric Diagram

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)

Görsel: Review of bioclimatic architecture strategies for achieving thermal comfort, FranciscoManzano-Agugliaro,
Francisco G. Montoya, AndrésSabio-Ortega, Amós García-Cruz, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Passive house
Sweden
Annual heating demand: 15 kWh /(m2a )

Primary energy requirement: 99 kWh /(m2a )

Passive house
China
Annual heating demand: 5 kWh /(m2a )

Primary energy requirement: 112 kWh /(m2a )

Passive House
Gaziantep
Annual heating demand : 20 kWh /(m2a )

Primary energy requirement : 79 kWh /(m2a )

Primary (Source) Energy / Site (Final) Energy / Carbon Emissions

AIA, An Architect’s Guide To Integrating Energy Modeling In The Design Process

ACTIVE SYSTEMS
Active Systems are required for maintaining the desired environmental conditions within a space.
The architect of a building must have sufficient basic knowledge of HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and
Cooling/Air-Conditioning) systems. He/She should speak on an equal level with the installation
designer, develop ideas and concepts that are worked out in detail by the specialist.

It is not always necessary to install a complex active system to realize an acceptable thermal
condition indoors. Here, the building (passive) design is an important factor. Optimized thermal
insulation, analyzed proportion of glazing, outdoor solar shading, the use of thermal mass and night
ventilation can sometimes jointly make a cooling or heating system redundant. These forms of
passive climate controls need less energy, for cooling as well as heating, and make the indoor
environment more stable. Even in combination with an active climate control system, good passive
design can make the environmental conditions more comfortable.

CLEAR Clean Low Energy ARchitecture

ACTIVE CLIMATIZATION SYSTEMS
What are the mechanical systems in buildings?

• Heating
• Cooling
• Ventilating
• Renewable Energies
• Domestic Hot Water
ACTIVE vs PASSIVE SYSTEMS

Source: Active for More Comfort: Passive House, 2018 International Passive House Association.
 Denmark
PASSIVE SYSTEMS – CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

-
Italy
Egypt

Turkey

Indonesia
PASSIVE SYSTEMS – CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
ACTIVE vs PASSIVE SYSTEMS

CIBSE Passive & Active Design

ACTIVE vs PASSIVE SYSTEMS

CIBSE Passive & Active Design

ATKINS – Dene School
 HEATING AND COOLING LOAD
Energy Need / Energy Consumption

Energy Need
Energy Consumption

to decrease
to decrease

Passive Systems
Active Systems
0.9 COP
50 kWh/m² 55.5 kWh/m²
0.8 COP
44.4 kWh/m² 55.5 kWh/m²
*COP: Coefficient of Performance, =output energy/input energy
EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVE SYSTEMS

• Efficiency of the system (COP, EER, SEER, vs)

• Passive system design
• User needs, requirements and behaviours
• Regular inspections and maintenance
 Transparent and Opaque
Roof
Components

Window
Building Envelope
Heat gain / loss Outside

Inside Wall

Door

Floor
Heat Transfer and Building Energy Performance
• Building Envelope and Materials
• Natural Ventilation
HEAT TRANSFER

Heat flows from a higher temperature zone/object to lower temperature zone/object until
their internal energies are equal.
HEAT TRANSFER
1. Conduction
Conduction: heat transfer in solids
HEAT TRANSFER

2. Convection
3. Radiation

Convection: heat transfer via fluids Radiation: heat transfer by electromagnetic waves
(air, water, etc.)
HEAT TRANSFER

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 HEAT TRANSFER

High Temperature Low temperature

 Conduction Convection Conduction

 Convection

Radiation

 Radiation
Heat Transfer by Conduction

The transfer of heat between substances which are in direct contact with each
other. Conduction occurs when heat flows through a solid.

Conductivity [λ]
The rate of heat flow through 1 square meter of a 1 m thick homogeneous material, when the
temperature difference between two surfaces is 1K (equal to 1C°). [W/m K]

 Correspondingly, materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat

sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation.
Thermal Conductivity (λ)
The thermal conductivity is at the very heart of energy-efficiency.
  TS 825 Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları

Thermal
conductivity
  TS 825 Binalarda Isı Yalıtım Kuralları
The thermal conductivity is at the very heart of energy-efficiency.

Thermal
conductivity
 1oC (1oK)
Heat Transfer Coefficient (U value)
Heat Transfer Coefficient is the rate of heat transfer through a structure
which can be a single material or a composite [W/m²K].

1
Uo 
1 d1 d2 dn 1
   .....  
Overall heat transfer i 1 2 n e
coefficient

Thermal resistance of
external surface
Thermal resistance
of internal surface
Thickness of Thermal
components conductivity of
materials

1m
1m
Thermal Resistance of Surfaces
Transparent Materials
3 basic parameters for glass:

1. U Value [W/m²K]
2. Light transmittance [%] Tvis or TL
3. Energy transmittance [%] g or shgc (solar heat gain coefficient)
 Transparent Components

Sunlight Solar Energy Heat Transfer Coefficient

U value (W/m2K)

Product Glass 12mm 16mm

Thickness Transmittance Reflectance Reflectance Absorbance Transmittance Total Shading
% % % % Air Gap Air Gap
% Transmittance Coefficient
Aİr Argon Aİr Argon
U Value of the Fenestration

Area weighted average of U values are calculated for windows (glass and frame).

𝐴𝑔 . 𝑈𝑔 + 𝐴𝑓 . 𝑈𝑔
𝑈𝑊 =
𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑓
 Calculation of heat transfer coefficient (U value) for the building
components of your cafeteria
• Heat transfer coefficient of external wall construction
• Heat transfer coefficient of roof construction
• Heat transfer coefficient of floor construction
• Window glass selection (heat transfer coefficient, solar heat gain coefficient,
visible transmittance) – For the window glass, there will be a selection, not
Implementation-1 calculation.

TS 825 Thermal Insulation Requirements for Buildings

• Annual and monthly heating demand
• Maximum U value requirements for building envelope
• Condensation analyses on building envelope
 External Plaster

Reinforced Concrete Wall

3.49 W/m2oC
Internal Plaster
Heat Transfer Coefficient

External Plaster

Brick (terra cotta)

1.31 W/m2oC
Internal Plaster

External Plaster
Thermal Insulation

Reinforced Concrete Wall

0.76 W/m2oC

Internal Plaster

External Plaster
Thermal Insulation

Brick (terra cotta)

0.57 W/m2oC

Internal Plaster
 1oC (1oK)
Heat Transfer Coefficient (U value)
Heat Transfer Coefficient is the rate of heat transfer through a structure
which can be a single material or a composite [W/m²K].

1
Uo 
1 d1 d2 dn 1
   .....  
Overall heat transfer i 1 2 n e
coefficient

Thermal resistance of
external surface
Thermal resistance
of internal surface
Thickness of Thermal
components conductivity of
materials
Thermal Resistance of Air Cavity in Building Elements

TS 825 values
 1oC (1oK)
Heat Transfer Coefficient (U value)
Heat Transfer Coefficient is the rate of heat transfer through a structure
which can be a single material or a composite [W/m²K].

1
Uo 
1 d1 d2 dn 1
   .....  
Overall heat transfer i 1 2 n e
coefficient

Thermal resistance of
external surface
Thermal resistance
of internal surface
Thickness of Thermal
components conductivity of
materials
Thermal Resistance of Surfaces
 1oC (1oK)
Heat Transfer Coefficient (U value)
Heat Transfer Coefficient is the rate of heat transfer through a structure
which can be a single material or a composite [W/m²K].

1
Uo 
1 d1 d2 dn 1
   .....  
Overall heat transfer i 1 2 n e
coefficient

Thermal resistance of
external surface
Thermal resistance
of internal surface
Thickness of Thermal
components conductivity of
materials
 Heat Transfer Coefficient
TS 825 Thermal Insulation in Buildings

Wall Roof Floor Window

Antalya
İzmir

İstanbul
Sakarya Region 1
Trabzon Region 2
Mardin
Region 3
Ankara
Eskişehir Region 4
Malatya Region 5
Kayseri
Kastamonu Erzurum
Van Ardahan
Heating degree days
Kars
Window glass selection

https://duzcam.sisecam.com/en/architectural-glas
 Submission of Implementation Study-1

Reinforced Concrete Wall

External Plaster

Internal Plaster

Uwall= …… W/m2 oC ≤ …….. W/m2 oC

Building component
detail (1/10 or 1/5)
For external wall, roof
and floor
Submission of Implementation Study-1

The submission should be uploaded to the assignment folder in LMS

until 18:00.

Do not forget to specify names of both group members.

I wish you success.