Mughal Gardens: Ally Latheef Misilul Khamar Resmi.K..V

MUGHAL GARDENS
ALLY LATHEEF
MISILUL KHAMAR
RESMI.K..V
THE BEGINNING
Oasis for livelihood in the hostile deserts of ARAB
countries.
IRRIGATION of ORCHIDS & FLOWER GARDENS
necessary in the barren lands of PERSIA.
Invasion of BABUR led to the Introduction of Persian
Concept of Gardens in INDIA.
* Study of Climatic conditions ,Plants &Animals.
* Introduction of CANALS.
Water not always a requisite for crops.
First layout of garden in India by babur at the Banks of river
JAMUNA.
FEATURES:
Plan - regular arrangement of
squares, subdivided into smaller
squares to form favourite figure
of the CHAR BAGH or “four
fold plot.”
Paved pathways and water

channels follow the shapes of
these squares.
.
CENTRAL POINTS-masonry
pavillions,loggias,kiosks were
errected.
MUGHAL GARDENS
Gardens- reflect the relationship The earliest form of garden known

between man and nature. from Persia belongs to sixth century
Water was one of the key elements B.C.
in the development of Persian
Persian gardens – Chaharbagh-
gardens, since it was a source of
life. The principle source of water to waterfalls were introduced. Another
the gardens was a typical Persian common feature of these gardens
device known as qanat or Kariz, was the dove-cotes at the corners of
wells. Water -considered as the soul the encircling walls.
and life of this paradise garden.It Paradise Garden- The plan of the
cools the hot wind during summer. paradise garden was very simple. It
Mango trees and dry fruit trees was divided by means of four water
found an important place in mughal channels into four quarters and the
garden as mangoes cools the body
whole was surrounded by a wall to
in summer
provide privacy and protection
dry fruits like walnut warms the
body in winter.
Design of Mughal Gardens The garden tradition, which Babur brought
to India, was a purely Persian concept. This tradition reached its most
creative phase under Jehangir and it was perfected by Shah Jehan
Throughout water remained the most important element in the garden.
Mughal gardens follow the Islamic principles of order
- Laid out in conformation with geometrical patterns, with divisions

and sub-divisions.
- Square or rectangular in plan.

- divided into four quarters and was enclosed by a high wall.
- It had massive gateways, which contained huge wooden doors.
- The walls were supposed to protect the inmates of the garden
from the hot winds
- A very important feature added by Babur, was the series of
ascending steps.
- Terrace gardens of flat plains were normally approached from the
lowestlevel..
- paved the channels of water with blue tiles.
A large number of water devices like tanks, canals, waterfall, chutes
and fountains were employed in the gardens.
carved chutes were installed to break the water into ripples, pearl drops
or striated sheets.
series of niches were also provided behind the waterfall. During the day
these niches contained small vases of flowers and at night candles
were placed which glittered through the flowing waterfalls.
the pavilion set within water-pavilions took different forms-from the
simple stone thrones in the water channels of Nishat and Shalamar
Bagh to elaborate buildings set in the centre of tanks and surrounded
by spouting jets of water.
the underground room – a persian feature.
Two types of Mughal gardens-
1. surrounding a mausoleum
2 . developed for pleasure.

1. Surrounding a mausoleum:
The first type of garden was built by
the owner during his own life for holding receptions and
banquets. After his death it was converted into a tomb. For
example the tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah. The plan of the
mausoleum garden - based on char bagh pattern.
CHAR BAGH PATTERN- In the centre of the garden was the

tomb building and from its various facades the water channels
radiated in the four directions. An exception to this is the setting
of Taj Mahal, which is located at the end of the garden.
2 .Developed for pleasure:
- related to the traditional formal paradise layout.

- pleasure gardens primarily developed for enjoyment ,for
displaying power and wealth of the empire.
GARDENS:
Garden at AGRA-a model park.
Garden opposite to the fort of Adinapur:

* charbagh
* planting of imported plantains-sugarcane.
* Water flows from a small hillock into the garden.

* the 4 fold field plot of this garden situated in this
eminence
*SW part is a reservoir of water –around were
oranges, pomegranates,clover.
INDIAN PARKS:
Parks closely related to the building connected to it.
Northern India-dry climate-so irrigation necessary-lead to
a rigid geometric division by a network of channels, 7
terraces to break up slope.
Homogeneity of buildings & gardens-by use of same
material to pave & face of building-usage of White marble
for t he pavement & building.
Paths set at high level for watering of gardens under
gravity.
EARLY GARDENS IN THE
NEAR EASTERN EMPIRE:
Based on Geometric symbolism.

Examples –Hanging Gardens of PERSIA-symbolises the
eight fold division of Paradise.
Septempartite division related to 7 planets.
CHAR BAGH-predominated in INDIA.
2 AXIS Oriented the 4 cardinal points & its basic square
from fitted in exactly with Hindu Cosmology.
EVOLUTION OF CHAR BAGH
PATTERN:
Design of ancient cities-QUADRIPARTITE division-each

caste with its own quarter.
ARYAN VILLAGE around 2nd millenium B.C.-Plan
similar to St: Andrews cross.
This image of COSMIC AXIS REAPPEARS IN Buddhist
arch & Hindutemples of south India-as a CELLA standing
on a small island in a square lake.
THESE STEPS GAVE RISE TO THE INDO-ISLAMIC
CHAR-BAGH COMPLEX.
CHAR-BAGH COMPLEX:
Axial streets had water ways
Baradari-open water pavilion modelled on Persian
prototype.
Garden enclosed by a high wall—for protecting the garden
from hot winds prevailing.
Mausoleum took the place of the pavilion – humayun’s
tomb.
Chadars- found in every Mughal garden.
CLIMATE:
HOT SUMMER MONTHS-during this time imperial family migrated

to the cool of high lying vale of Kashmir.
SHALIMAR BAGH-the largest & best known garden in KASHMIR:
*2 char-bagh
*each square a self-sufficient entity seperated from the
other by a crack in the earth.
* by way of front garden accessible to the public.one
enters the lower square by means of ascending step –at this terrace
level the royals lived.
*North side is the bath house
*the raised part of the garden-WOMEN’S GARDEN
EXAMPLES
OF
MUGHAL GARDENS
With terraced lawns, cascading fountains, paint-box-

bright flowerbeds with the panorama of the Dal in
front of them - the three Mughal Gardens of
Chesmashahi, Nishat and Shalimar are the Mughal
Emperors' concept of paradise.
Shalimar Bagh
Built by Emperor Jehangir for
his wife Nur Jehan, Shalimar,
15 kms from the TRC, is a
beautiful garden with sweeping
vistas over gardens and lakes,
and shallow terraces. The
garden is 539 m by 182 m and
has four terraces, rising one
above the other. A canal lined
with polished stones and
supplied with water from
Harwan runs through the
middle of the garden. The fourth
terrace, by far the best, was
once reserved for royal ladies.
Nishat Bagh
Situated on the banks of the

Dal Lake, with the Zabarwan
Mountains as its backdrop,
(11 km. from TRC), this
'garden of bliss' commands
a magnificent view of the
lake and the snow capped
Pir Panjal mountain range
which stands far away to the
west of the valley. Nishat
was designed in 1633 AD by
Asaf Khan, brother of Nur
Jehan
SHALIMAR BAGH At Lahore: by Shah Jahan
2 char baghs joined to form a rectangle,seperated by a high terrace with a

reservoir set crossways similar to that of Taj Mahal.
The rectangular marble terrace accentuated Diagonally,tallies with the
platform of the Taj Mahal which is likewise set diagonally to the main axis.
SHALIMAR & TAJ MAHAL BAGHS:
Both similar in regard to the “flowered borders into star shaped panels”
Basic form a variation on the OCTAGON consisting of 2 squares set at an
angle to one another,yielding an 8 pointed star-2 of these stars joined to make
a long panel alternate to simple star forms.
FERIA BAGH-a Mughal waterside palace:
Water carried by a “sub terranian conduit” from great distance to

the lake near the palace-pipes beneath the lake took water to the
palace-to the Fountain.
Smaller basins of ancillary rooms were supplied water from the
overflow pipes beneath the fountains.
From these rooms water flowed to the reservoirs outside the house.
Overflow from these reservoirs finally flowed back on to the lake

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MUGHAL GARDENS

Paved pathways and water

Gardens- reflect the relationship The earliest form of garden known

Mughal gardens follow the Islamic principles of order

- Laid out in conformation with geometrical patterns, with divisions

- Square or rectangular in plan.

Two types of Mughal gardens-

2 . developed for pleasure.

CHAR BAGH PATTERN- In the centre of the garden was the

2 .Developed for pleasure:

- related to the traditional formal paradise layout.

Garden opposite to the fort of Adinapur:

* Water flows from a small hillock into the garden.

Based on Geometric symbolism.

Design of ancient cities-QUADRIPARTITE division-each

HOT SUMMER MONTHS-during this time imperial family migrated

With terraced lawns, cascading fountains, paint-box-

Situated on the banks of the

2 char baghs joined to form a rectangle,seperated by a high terrace with a

SHALIMAR & TAJ MAHAL BAGHS:

Water carried by a “sub terranian conduit” from great distance to

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