LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Garden Design For CSPA Semester-VI

GARDEN MEANING

Origin of the word garden

GAN + ODEN / EDEN

(to protect or defend, (pleasure or delight)
implying a fence or
enclosure)

GARDEN Enclosure of land for pleasure and delight

 GARDEN CONCEPT Origin

Garden reflection of the concurrent man/nature

relationship and may be seen as an ordering of the
environment according to an image of an ideal world.

LAYOUT AND ORGANIZATION

Derived from ancient cultivation and irrigation practices

As per religious faiths, Gardens are paradise at the beginning of

time or at the end of life on earth.
 GARDEN CONCEPT Origin

Garden of Eden in which god placed Adam and Eve

Described as a park planted by God in which there were all kinds of
trees.
The tree in the center that yielded knowledge of good and evil.
A river which branched into four streams on leaving the park.

In addition to the symbolism attached to the garden, early civilizations attributed

special meaning and significance to certain trees and plants such as the olive, the
thorn, the fig and the vine
 GARDEN - History

History of Gardening extends at least 4000 years of human

civilization
EGYPTION TOMB PAITINGS (1500 BC) - Earliest physical
evidence of decorative landscape design

Rectangular fish pond with Lotus planted

around, surrounded by symmetrical rows
of acacia, palms and fruit trees.

Fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty

 GARDEN - History

BABYLON, EGYPT AND PERSIA

The origins of garden layout and form lie in agricultural practices. Gardens
were made for pleasure.

The dimensions and shape of planting beds were those of the fields.
Irrigation channels and ponds were incorporated for functional reasons, as
well as for the sensuous enjoyment of water in hot climate.
Shade was provided by forest trees planted in regular groves, and the garden
was protected with a wall to keep out animals and intruders.
 GARDEN - History

Hanging Gardens of Babylon one of the 7 wonders of ancient world

The monument is said to

have occupied four acres
of land.
Risen in a series of
planted and irrigated
roof terraces to a height
of 300 feet from which
views of the valley and
the surrounding desert
were obtained.
 GARDEN - History

The officials garden at Thebes EGYPT

It consisted of a rectangular and

axial arrangement of flower
beds, ponds, enclosures, and a
vine trellis under which one
walked from the gate to the
house.
Fruit trees were planted for
shade.
There were irrigation channels
and garden pavillions and the
garden was surrounded by a high
wall.
PERSIAN GARDENS
 PERSIAN GARDENS

The tradition and style in the design of Persian

gardens, known as Iranian gardens in Iran ,
has influenced the design of gardens from Spain
to India and beyond.

Persian Gardens follow the gardening style of

Egypt.
All Persian gardens were developed to protect
from the harsh and arid landscape of the Iranian
Plateau. Persian gardens were developed in
strong contrast to the hostile environment.
SHADY TREES
SUCH AS CYPRUS WATER
To maintain their gardens and encourage
STREAMS
agriculture, the Persians needed to develop
irrigation systems which would work in this hot
and dry climate.
PERSIAN GARDENS Irrigation Technique

Open canals were not efficient in this arid region, but cultivation became
possible by constructing many underground irrigation canals called kariz
or qanat
Coal miners in northeastern Iran improvised a way to extract the water
from the coalmines using the qanat.
The Hailan-Aleppo qanat: A 12-km long subterranean channel dated to
13th century BC is the oldest discovered qanat. It still functioned until the
early part of this century
These methods were gradually applied by farmers and spread all over the
plateau of Iran.
Since ancient times, lush gardens have grown in the region due to an
ingenious engineering system of underground aqueducts called qanats.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Irrigation Technique

Qanats brought the

water from the snow
melt to the plains for
irrigation and human
use.nThe abundance of
water became the
essence of the Persian
garden. A rich variety
of species flourished.
Thin channels
delivered water
throughout the garden.

Qanat: Main shafts that were excavated to the permanent subterranean water level,
usually at the base of hills or mountains, with slightly sloping tunnels which were
constructed by workers who dug to where the water was needed.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Irrigation Technique

At approximately 50-foot intervals, shafts were dug to help remove material

and maintain the qanat line.
A qanat taps water that has seeped into the ground and channels it via
straight tunnels to the land surface. The major benefit of the qanat is that
its underground location prevents the evaporation of the water.
Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) in his famous code lists some regulations for
the irrigation issues, for example, If any one open his ditches to water his
crop, but is careless, and the water flood the field of his neighbor, then he
shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Origin and History

Persian gardens originated in 4000 BCE.

The decorated pottery of that time shows

the typical cross plan of the Persian
gardens.

This style is best seen in Cyrus the

Great's garden which was built-in around
500 BCE.

After 18th century, European Garden

design began to influence Persia,
especially those of France, Russia and
United Kingdom.
 PERSIAN GARDENS - Origin

Always divided into four sectors, with water playing an important role for
both irrigation and ornamentation, the Persian garden was conceived to
symbolize Eden and the four Zoroastrian elements of sky, earth, water and
plants.

The greater emphasis was given on ponds and fountains in the garden.

During the Arab occupation, gardens were built by taking into consideration
aesthetic rules.

The best example of this is 'Chahar bagh', with four rivers and four quadrants
representing the world.
 PERSIAN GARDENS - Origin

These gardens are enclosed.

The main purpose behind building such

gardens was to provide relaxation in
different manners such as spiritual, leisurely
(e.g. meetings with friends).

Pairi daeza means enclosed space in

Persian language.

The Christian mythology adopted this term

to describe the Garden of Eden or paradise
on earth. Garden of Cyrus the great

The construction of garden may have an

emphasis either on nature or on structure,
however the main thing this garden should Water courses Geometrical
allow is maximization of function. plan
 PERSIAN GARDENS - Origin

In contrast with the European

gardens of the time the Persian
gardens were very lavish. These
gardens consisted of herb plants
around monasteries.

The gardens also had red and yellow

beautiful, colourful fruit plants in it.

Bagh-e-Shahzadeh is one of the

remaining few persian garden. It has
series of split level fountains and it is
full of tender beauty of nature.

Bagh-e-Shahzadeh
 PERSIAN GARDENS

The local climate, high walled structures,

shady trees, water streams and fountains
are the factors which makes the Persian
garden a paradise on earth.

The Persian style often attempts to

integrate indoors with the outdoors through
the inter-connection of a surrounding
garden with an inner courtyard.

The different styles of Persian gardens can

be seen in the following table which puts
them in the context of their function and
style.
CLASSICAL FORMAL CASUAL
PUBLIC HAYAT MAIDAN PARK
PRIVATE HAYAT CHAAR BAGH BAGH
 PERSIAN GARDENS Hayat

This is the old classical Persian

garden layout which highly
emphasizes on aesthetics.

The grounds are covered with gravels

flagged with stones.

Planting is very simple. The trees are

planted in a line with a shade.

The pools are the source of humidity

in the surrounding atmosphere.

These gardens are mainly pool

centred and structure centred.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Maidan

This is a public, formal garden which emphasizes more on biotic elements

than structure.

Here we see bedding plants, trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.

In this garden also the elements like gravel pathways, pools divide the lawns.

The shade providing structures pavilions are also built.

 PERSIAN GARDENS Chahar Bagh Format

Persian Gardens were normally organized symmetrically along a center line

known as an axis.
Gardens were divided into quadrants by channels of water punctuated by
geometrically shaped basins.

At a central intersection point was a platform

for viewing, which later evolved into a
formal open pavillion decorated with
coffered ceiling structures representing the
complexity of the heavens.

Geometry of the ordered universe was kept

throughout Persian gardens.
The surface design features the fourfold Chahar bagh format. It represents the
four corners of the world and the four rivers of paradise predominantly associated
with the Islamic Period.
 PERSIAN GARDENS

The water structure was connected via

four perpendicular connections or
waterways named called "jubs" or
basically aqueducts.
The structure is almost always pivoted
at the long axis of this "cross" or
quadripartite format so that the
magnificent palace or the dwelling is
looking upon the long axis of the water
way and the foundation.
The walkways are incorporated close
and parallel to the long arm of the
aqueduct, with trees ornating the sides.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Park

These are casual parks used for public functions.

These are full of various plants.
Here we see pathways and seating but these gardens are limited in terms of
structural elements.
The purpose of such gardens is relaxation and socialization.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Bagh

Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural and green aspects of nature.
These gardens are often attached to houses consisting of trees, lawns and ground
plants.
It gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.
The primary aim is familial relaxation.
 PERSIAN GARDENS Elements

The important Persian garden elements are

sunlight,
shade,
water,
buildings.

These elements provide relaxation in different manners such as spiritual, leisurely

(e.g. meetings with friends) etc. which is the primary aim of Persian garden which
is considered as a paradise on earth.

The Persian gardens often connect internal yard gardens with the surrounding
outward gardens.
 Elements of Persian Gardens - SUNLIGHT

The important factor to be considered while designing the Persian garden is sunlight
and its effects in the garden.

The samples and forms from the rays of light were arranged to restrain the sunlight.

The specific textures and shapes were chosen to harness the light.
 Elements of Persian Gardens - SHADE

The shade is also very important due to

the dry heat of Iran.

The Persian gardens includes trees,

shrubs and trellises which work as biotic
shades to provide protection from strong
sunrays.

In these gardens we can see large number

of big shade trees, fruit and flower trees
as well.

Walls and pavilions are also important in

blocking the harsh sunrays.

Mostly cypress trees are found . CYPRESS TREE

 Elements of Persian Gardens - WATER

In desert regions, there are many dry areas, therefore water comes as the next
important element in the Persian garden.

The underground water canals are built on slopes to facilitate either natural or the
artificial flow of water (waterfalls).

It is assumed that this style of irrigation is thousand years old.

This style works in the best way and widely used even in modern gardening
styles.

For this purpose of moving water around the surface water systems.

Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub, to prevent water evaporation and allow
quick access of water to the tree roots.
JUB
(DITCH)
 Elements of Persian Gardens - BUILDINGS

In many of the Persian gardens, buildings of splendour, brick works and

pavilions are seen.

Here we also get to see the different structural designs like royal palaces,
mansions, etc.

Iranian architects used to build domes on square buildings very skilfully. These
enhance the beauty of these gardens.

In Persian gardens, beautiful arches were constructed.

In front of many mansions and palaces of these gardens, the water fountains were
placed as the source of cool, peaceful atmosphere and pleasure.

Jaliwork was used for windows and along with other glass works.
 Characteristic Features of Persian Gardens

The most important factor of Persian gardens is to build shade type structures
wherever necessary in the garden. This helps to cope with hot climates and keep
the atmosphere cool.
These gardens are closed and walled and have very little association with the area
outside these walls.
The Persian gardens necessarily have a central water feature or ponds as water is
the soul of these gardens. Fountains tend to be more of modern Persian garden
design. It is a best way save water and maintain with the original design
consisting of a water structure.
The gardens have crisp colours and clean alignments. Intricate mosaic tiles are
occasionally used in these gardens.
 Characteristic Features of Persian Gardens

The garden can be conservative, refined, formal or relaxed and casual. The
different garden designs serve different purposes.

Arches play an important role in Persian garden designs. It shows typical Persian
architectural theme. These arches are made from stonework or sometimes
wooden support which can be made appear as original.

Symmetry is very important in these designs. The matching or mirroring

elements can give enjoyment and pleasure.