Types of Gardens Brief

Persian gardens
The Taj Mahal is one of the largest Persian Garden interpretations in the world, from the era of the
Mughal Empire in India.
History
Persian gardens may originate as early as 4000 BCE. Decorated pottery of that time displays the
typical cross plan of the Persian garden. The outline of the Pasargad Garden, built around 500 BCE, is
viewable today.
Babur introduced the Persian garden to India. The now unkempt Aram Bāgh garden in Agra was the
first of many Persian gardens he created. The Taj Mahal embodies the Persian concept of an ideal,
paradise-like garden.
Elements of the Persian garden
Sunlight and its effects were an important factor of structural design in Persian gardens. Textures and
shapes were specifically chosen by architects to harness the light.[clarification needed]
Iran's dry heat makes shade important in gardens, which would be nearly unusable without it. Trees
and trellises largely feature as biotic shade; pavilions and walls are also structurally prominent in
blocking the sun.
The heat also makes water important, both in the design and maintenance of the garden. Irrigation
may be required, and may be provided via a form of underground tunnel called a qanat, that transports
water from a local aquifer. Well-like structures then connect to the qanat, enabling the drawing of
water. Alternatively, an animal-driven Persian well would draw water to the surface. Such wheel
systems also moved water around surface water systems, such as those in the chahar bāgh style. Trees
were often planted in a ditch called a juy, which prevented water evaporation and allowed the water
quick access to the tree roots.
The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a
surrounding garden with an inner courtyard. Designers often place architectural elements such as
vaulted arches between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them.
World Heritage Sites
The Persian Gardens:
 Pasargad Persian Garden at Pasargadae, Iran

 Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan,Iran
 Fin Garden, Kashan, Iran
 Eram Garden, Shiraz, Iran
 Shazdeh Garden, Mahan, Kerman, Iran
 Dolatabad Garden, Yazd, Iran
 Abbasabad Garden, Abbasabad, Mazandaran, Iran
 Akbarieh Garden. South Khorasan Province, Iran
 Pahlevanpour Garden Iran[3]
 Taj Mahal, Agra, India
 Humayun's Tomb, New Delhi, India
 Shalimar Gardens, Lahore, Pakistan
 Generalife, Granada, Spain
Mughal gardens
Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Persian style of architecture. This
style was heavily influenced by the Persian gardens particularly the Charbagh structure.[1] Significant
use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include
pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.
History
The founder of the Mughal empire, Babur, described his favourite type of garden as a charbagh. They
use the term bāgh, baug, bageecha or bagicha for garden. This word developed a new meaning in
India, as Babur explains; India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian
charbagh. The Agra garden, now known as the Ram Bagh, is thought to have been the first charbagh
Sites of Mughal gardens
India
 Humayun's Tomb, Nizamuddin East, Delhi

 Taj Mahal, Agra
 Ram Bagh, Agra
 Mehtab Bagh, Agra
 Safdarjung's Tomb
 Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar), Jammu and Kashmir
 Nishat Gardens, Jammu and Kashmir
 Yadavindra Gardens, Pinjore
 Khusro Bagh, Allahabad
 Roshanara Bagh
 Brindavan Gardens, Mysore, Karnataka (1927-1932)
 Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi (1911-1931)
 Vernag
.
Japanese garden
Japanese gardens are traditional gardens that create miniature idealized landscapes, often in a highly
abstract and stylized way.
The gardens of the Emperors and nobles were designed for recreation and aesthetic pleasure, while
the gardens of Buddhist temples were designed for contemplation and meditation.
Japanese gardens were developed under the influences of the Chinese gardens but gradually Japanese
garden designers began to develop their own aesthetics, based on Japanese materials and Japanese
culture. By the Edo period, the Japanese garden had its own distinct appearance.Since the end of the
19th century, Japanese gardens have also been adapted to Western settings.
History
The idea of these unique gardens did not originate in Japan. It began during the Asuka period when
Japanese merchants witnessed the gardens that were being built in China and became so inspired by
the gardens that they would frequently import many facets of the Chinese culture back to their own
country. Today, in many parts of Japan and the western part of the world the traditions of Japanese
garden art still maintain their full intensity of expression and continue to inspire the many artists that
aspire to create a personal Japanese garden of their own.
Garden elements
water
Japanese gardens always have water, either a pond or stream, or, in the dry rock garden, represented
by white sand. In Buddhist symbolism, water and stone are the ying-yang, two opposites that
complement and complete each other. A traditional garden will usually have an irregular-shaped pond
or, in larger gardens, two or more ponds connected by a channel or stream, and a cascade, a miniature
version of Japan's famous mountain waterfalls.
Rocks and sand
Rock, sand and gravel are an essential feature of the Japanese garden. Stones, which constitute a
fundamental part of Japanese gardens, are carefully selected for their weathering and are placed in
such a way that they give viewers the sense that they ‘naturally’ belong where they are, and in
combinations in which the viewers find them.
Garden architecture
In Heian Period Japanese gardens, built in the Chinese model, buildings occupied as much or more
space than the garden. The garden was designed to be seen from the main building and its verandas,
or from small pavilions built for that purpose. In later gardens, the buildings were less visible. Rustic
teahouses were hidden in their own little gardens, and small benches and open pavilions along the
garden paths provided places for rest and contemplation. In later garden architecture, walls of houses
and teahouses could be opened to provide carefully framed views of the garden. The garden and the
house became one.
Garden bridges
Bridges first appeared in the Japanese garden during the Heian period. The bridge symbolized the path
to paradise and immortality.
Stone lanterns and water basins
Originally they were located only at Buddhist temples, where they lined the paths and approaches to
the temple, but in the Heian period they began to be used at Shinto shrines as well. According to
tradition, during the Momoyama Period they were introduced to the tea garden by the first great tea
masters, and in later gardens they were used purely for decoration.
Chinese Gardens: A Natural Elegance
Chinese gardens are significant pieces of China's history. Garden designs have gone hand in hand
with the philosophical trends of each era. Five thousand years of gardening has yielded some of the
most amazing and beautiful paradigms of what a garden can be.
HISTORY:
Five thousand years of experience in garden building is significant, and the Shang (1600–1046 BC)
and Zhou (1045–256 BC) dynasties were the beginning of gardening as functional and visually
appealing additions to the emperor's abode.
FAMOUS HISTORIC GARDENS OF CHINA
The Summer Palace Garden in Haidian District, northwest of central Beijing, is the best preserved
imperial garden in the world. It is the largest of its kind still in existence in modern China.
The origins of the garden sprung from the need for cool breezes in the hot summer. The Imperial
Family wanted to escape the heat of the walled Forbidden City, so airy pavilions were placed in the
garden. The Dowager Empress, Cixi, made the Summer Palace her permanent residence for a period
of time, generating stories of "extravagance and excess."
Chengde Mountain Resort, about a hundred miles northeast of Beijing, was constructed in 1703 and
finished eighty-nine years later. Roughly 245 acres, it is twice the size of the Summer Palace Garden.
It assimilates tradition with current practices to be unparalleled in garden lore.
The Humble Administrator's Garden from the Ming Dynasty was established in 1509, and is
considered "the mother of Chinese gardens." It is one of the four most famous gardens in China. It has
all the requisite garden qualities and boasts a pond with Mandarin ducks. This and ?are World
Cultural Heritage sites as designated by UNESCO.

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Persian gardens

Elements of the Persian garden

World Heritage Sites

The Persian Gardens:

 Pasargad Persian Garden at Pasargadae, Iran

Sites of Mughal gardens

 Humayun's Tomb, Nizamuddin East, Delhi

Rocks and sand

Stone lanterns and water basins

FAMOUS HISTORIC GARDENS OF CHINA

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