PRESENTATION ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE

PRESENTED BY:GYANESH SHARAN

B.TECH,IIT(ISM) DHANBAD
M.TECH,MNNIT ALLAHABAD
 FLUID MACHINE
A Fluid machine is a device which convers stored energy of a fluid (kinetic energy,
potential energy, intermolecular energy by virtue of its temperature) into mechanical
energy and vice versa.
Based on Direction Fluid Machines of Energy Transfer

Turbines Pumps
Compressors
Hydraulic Turbine
Fans
Blowers
Gas turbine

Steam Turbines

Based On Principle of operation

Rotodynamic Machines Positive Displacement Machines

Stored Energy of Fluid (I/P) Turbine Mechanical Energy(O/P)

Mechanical Energy(I/P) Pumps/Compressors/Fans/Blowers Stored Energy of fluid(o/p)

 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF ROTODYNAMIC MACHINES
The fluid has a Tangential component of velocity and hense has a tangential
momentum. In case of a turbine this Tangential Momentum reduces hense a tangential
force is exerted. Corresponding to this there is a rate of change of angular momentum
of the fluid in course of its continuous flow through a number of blade passages
comprising one or more number of rows of blades which causes the energy transfer
between the fluid and the Machine

[2]Components of flow velocity in a generalised fluid machine

 (1)Axial Force
Due to change in Axial momentum axial force is generated which must be taken by a
thrust bearing to the stationary rotor casing
(2) Radial force
Due to change in momentum of a radial load a radial force may be generated which is
carrried as a jounal load.
Tangential Force

Due to change in tangential momentum tangential force is generated which causes a

torque exerted by the rotor on the moving fluid
T= (r2 vw2 mሶ out -r1 vw1 min )vw :Tangential velocity
mሶ in =mout
ሶ (Steady flow ) Component
T=𝑚(r
ሶ 2 vw2 -r1 vw1 )u: Linear velocity
Power given to the fluid(E)ሶ of the rotor
ሶ
E=Tω= ሶ w u2− vw u1 )
m(v 2 1

Energy per unit weight/Head(given to the fluid)

Eሶ (vw2 u2− vw1 u1 )
=H=
mg g
Head delivered by the fluid(using sign convention)
(vw1 u1 −vw2 u2 )
H=
g
 [2]Velocity triangle for a generalised rotor vane
From Inlet velocity Triangle

From Outlet velocity triangle

Work Head Transferred between fluid and rotor

(Change in dynamic head) (Change in static/pressure head)

 IMPULSE AND REACTION MACHINES

IMPULSE MACHINE : Are those machines in which as the fluid flows through the rotor its
static head remains constant. At the inlet of impulse machine the energy available is mainly
kinetic energy.
This can be achieved in two ways:
For Turbines
Stored Energy of the fluid High Kinetic Energy
(Pressure energy or intermol- STATOR (or kinetic+pressure ROTOR
ecularEnergy Energy)

1)We expand the fluid in stator in such a way that at the exit of the stator the pressure of
the fluid is at ambient pressure(atmospheric) and we make the rotor open so that in rotor
there is no change in pressure the entire pressure is atmospheric.

2)We may not expand the fluid in stator to Patm and make a casing in the rotor and make
the fluid passage in the rotor in such a way that vr2 =vr1 .so the cross section in the rotor
should be uniform in that case it has to be an axial flow machine so that u1 =u2 (blade
velocity) and pressure head or static head remains costant.
 Impulse machines are usually axial flow machines or tangential flow machines
 REACTION MACHINES Are those machines in which both the dynamic head and
pressure head changes in the rotor
ie. Fluid should not expand in stator up to atmospheric pressure & moreover flow
passages in rotor should not be of uniform Cross section. It should be convergent or
divergent to change vr
 In reaction turbines as the water flows through usually the runner pressure energy
goes on converting to kinetic energy The runner is enclosed in air tight casing
and runner and casing is completely full of water.
 Reaction machines are always radial flow machines

[2] Examples of Impulse and reaction machine

Think:Whatif u1 >u2 &vr2 <vr1 or u1 <u2 &vr2 >vr1 in such a way that (u1 2 -u2 2 )+
(vr2 2 -vr1 2 )=0 ?
 DEGREE OF REACTION

Degree of reaction of a fluid machine is defined as the ratio of change in static head
in the runner to change in total head inside the runner.

For an Impulse machine R=0

For a reaction machine R≠0
EFFICIENCIES OF TURBINE

HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY =

OVERALL =
EFFICIENCY

MECHANICAL
EFFICIENCY =
 SPECIFIC SPEED OF THE TURBINE
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical
dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc. with actual turbine but of such a size that
it will develop unit power when working under a unit head.
N P
K ST = 5 (Non dimensional Specific speed)
ρ (gH) 4
But if we handle incompressible fluid where the variation in ρis discarded and local
acceleration due to gravity is constant we discard g & ρ term and define a
dimensional specific speed
N P 1 5 1
K ST = 5 (Unit: (Kg /S m ))
2 2 4

(H)4

DESIGN OF FLUID MACHINES

 Specific speed is a shape factor of a fluid machine why?

Efficiency(Ƞ) = F(K ST )
 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF FLOW THROUGH RUNNER
TANGENTIAL RADIAL FLOW AXIAL FLOW MIXED FLOW
FLOW TURBINE TURBINE TURBINE TURBINE
TYPE OF ENERGY AT THE INLET

IMPULSE REACTION
TURBINE TURBINE

PELTON KAPLAN FRANCIS

TURBINE TURBINE TURBINE
 PELTON TURBINE/WHEEL
The main parts of a pelton turbine are

(1)Nozzle and Flow (2)Runner with buckets (3) Casing (4) Breaking Jet
Regulating arrangement

[2]Schematic View of a Pelton Turbine

 (2a)Flow along the bucket of a
pelton wheel

[1]Actual View of a Pelton Turbine

(2b)Inlet velocity Triangle (2c)Outlet velocity triangle

From Inlet Velocity Triangle

From Outlet velocity triangle

From Euler’s Equation

𝑉𝑟2 <𝑉𝑟1 because of friction

Energy delivered by the fluid per unit
mass to the rotor
Power transmitted by the fluid to the rotor Q:Volume flow rate of jet

P0 v0 2
Power input to the rotor wheel= H0 =ρg + 2g +z0 (0 )
P0 v0 2 v1 2
+ 2𝑔 = 2g
ρg
v1 = (2𝑔𝐻0 )
v1 = 𝐶𝑣 (2𝑔𝐻0 ) (considering friction)
Power developed by rotor
For to be maximum Ƞℎ =
Power available at stator inlet
P
=
ρQgH
P
= 2
Cv gH0
0 1 u
  vw 2 =(vr 2 cos β2 − u) So if we make β2 =0° or θ=180°, vw 2 will be maximum
then torque developed at the rotor will be maximum hense maximum power will
be developed.
THINK

Q.)Can we make θ=180°?If not why not?

Q.)What is the recommended blade angle at the inlet and at the outlet in a peltonwheel?
VARIATION OF WHEEL EFFICIENCY WITH BLADE SPEED TO JET
SPEED RATIO

[2]
 SPECIFIC SPEED OF A PELTON WHEEL
N P
K ST = 5
(H)4
π U
If we put [P= ρQgHȠh ], [Q= ( 4 d2 )v1 ],[v1 =CV (2𝑔𝐻0 )],[N=πD]
5 1 1 3
(𝑔) (ρ) (Ƞℎ )2
4 2 (cv )2 U d
K ST = ( )( )
cv v1 D
U
For maximum(Ƞℎ ) ( )=0.46 & (Ƞℎ =0.85),(cv ≈0.97)
v1
d
K ST = 105( )
D
D
For Pelton Wheel usually 5 < K ST < 20 & 6 < < 25
d
THINK
D
Q.) What if value of (Jet ratio) is very large or very low?
d
D
Q.) What is The Optimum value of (Jet ratio) for maximum Efficiency?
d
LIIMITATIONS OF A PELTON WHEEL
The pelton wheel works efficiently at a low specific speed & high head because it has
D
to compromise with for its efficient operation so if we want a high efficiency at a
d
high value of specific speed it wont serve the purpose.
 FRANCIS TURBINE(RADIAL INWARD FLOW REACTION TURBINE)
The main parts of a francis turbine are

(1)Scroll Casing/Volute Casing (3)Rotor(Runner) with blades/vanes

(2)Guide Vanes/Stay Vanes (4)Draft Tube
DIFFERENCE IN FLOW ARRANGEMENT OF A PELTON WHEEL AND A
FRANCIS TURBINE
In a pelton wheel fluid at the exit of the nozzle is at atmospheric pressure and having
very high kinetic energy & no casing is needed as the pressure throughout the rotor is
atmospheric but in a reaction turbine the fluid at the entrance to the rotor is at a higher
pressure than atmospheric.

In francis turbine fluid flow through the entire passage of the rotor so a casing is
needed. Also the pressure has to be reduced so area of cross section in rotor is
convergent type. So that pressure reduces and velocity increases
 View of a francis turbine

[ 5]Schematic view [4]Actual view

Q)What are the purposes of guide vanes being convergent?
Q)Why are the guide vanes pivoted at the outer periphery?
Q) Why is the Scroll casing spiral shaped i.e. in the direction of flow its cross section gradually
decreases ?
 Analysis of velocity triangle and various efficiencies

Since at the outlet of francis turbine flow is purely radial

Vw2 =0,(u1 =π D1 N),(u2 =π D2 N) then u1 >u2 as D1 >D2

Energy per unit mass delivered to the turbine

Power developed by the runner

Ƞh =
Power available at the inlet to the stator

ρQVw1u1 Vw u
[2]Velocity triangle of francis turbine
h Ƞ = = 1 1
ρQgH gH
 Power available at the entry of the runner is less than the power available at the
entry of the stator(guide vanes).Flow of fluid at the entry of the runner is radial as
well as tangential.
 Power available at the entry of the runner = Mechanical energy developed by the
rotor + Energy lost at the exit

Power developed by the runner

Ƞ𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 =
Power available at the inlet to the runner

e
Ƞ𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 =
e+v2 2 /2
 SPECIFIC SPEED OF FRANCIS TURBINE

Usually velocity of flow remains constant ( Vf1 =Vf2 )

N P
NST = 5
(H)4
From inlet velocity triangle

Substituting

From the above equation we can see that the specific speed of a francis turbine
depends upon α1 ,β1 &D1

For most efficient operation 50 <NST < 400

 Francis runner for various specific speed
Inlet triangle

(2a)For low specific speed

(2b)For Normal specific speed

(2c)For high Specific speed

Outlet Triangle

(2d) For all specific speed

 HEAD ACROSS A REACTION TURBINE
[2]Head across a reaction turbine
Bernoulli b/w free surface &1
Bernoulli b/w 2 & 3

Head across the turbine(Without) Draft tube

P2 V2 2
H’= H1 -H2 =H1 - (0) - -z
ρg 2g
2
𝑉
H’=H1 - 2 - z
2𝑔
Head across the turbine(with) Draft tube

H=H1 -H3

Think
Q)What are the purposes of a Draft tube in a francis turbine?
Q)Why is the velocity at the outlet of a francis turbine turbine made radial?
 KAPLAN TURBINE(AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE)

A very high specific speed and very low head turbine

Q)Why is an axial flow turbine needed?
Ans: An axial flow turbine is needed because the radial flow reaction turbine has
certain limitations.In a radial flow reaction turbine the velocity at the runner outlet is
made radial because it has to be low so that the pressure at the inlet of the draft tube
may not fall below vapour pressure of the liquid and cavitation effect may be
avoided.To maintain a low head and high specific speed in a radial flow reaction
turbine it has to accomodate a high flow rate and at the same time velocity at the
runner outlet should be low which is very difficult to maintain. So there arise a need
of a turbine which can maintain low head ,high flow rate and low velocity at the
runner outlet simultaneously. And this is possible in an axial(and mixed flow) turbine.

Q)What is the cause of change in pressure head of an axial flow reaction turbine?
Ans: It is due to change in relative velocity of the fluid while flowing from inlet to
outlet. Because change in blade velocity is zero.

Q)When will an axial flow machine be an impulse machine?

Q)When will an axial flow machine be a reaction machine?
 Velocity Triangles of Kaplan turbine

Inlet velocity triangle Outlet velocity triangle

[2] Schematic view of a Kaplan Turbine

[3]Actual view of a Kaplan Turbine
[2]Comparison of specific speed of various turbines
 DRAFT TUBE
[2]Various Types

Primary requirements for a draft tube

 The draft tube should not induce cavitation at the outlet of the runner of the turbine
 There should not be incorporation of air at the exit of a draft tube so its exit is at a
level a little below the tail race level.
Limitation on the height of a draft tube Applying bernoulli equation b/w 2 & 3
P 2 V2 2 P3 V3 2
2 + + z= + +hf
ρg 2g ρg 2g
2
P2 P3 V2 2 −V3
= - +hf − z
ρg ρg 2g
z Draft tube so pressure at the inlet of the draft tubeP2
is less than that of outlet P3 .If we increase
z P2 will decrease but we can not increase z
up to a value so that P2 is less than vapour
3 pressure of the liquid to avoid cavitation
 EFFICIENCY OF A DRAFT TUBE
2
P3 −𝑃2 V2 2 −V3
Increase in Pressure head in the draft tube −hf +z
ρg 2g
Ƞdraft = = ( V2 2
)= ( V2 2
)
Kinetic head at the inlet to the draft tube
2g 2g

So efficiency of a draft tube depends mainly upon hf ,Z.The more the frictional loss the
lesser will be the efficiency.
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
e v2 It is the total available suction head(pressure head and kinetic
head) over the static head corresponding to vapour pressure.

(hf =0)

v3
THOMA’S CAVITATION PARAMETER
H: Total available head

CRITICAL CAVITATION PARAMETER

To avoid cavitation Pe >PV so

 Pumps
General pumping system
A centrifugal pump
Single acting reciprocating type compressor
Centifugal compressor
Fluid coupling
 REFERENCES
[1]http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcoursecontents/IITKANPUR/machine/ui/Course_home
-lec28.htm
[2]https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=rC0kWo
_mHovovgS6nrHIBw&q=kaplan+turbine+nptel&oq=kaplan+turbine+np
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine
[4] http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104117/chapter_7/7_7.html
[5]https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=0owtW
vC8H8f5vgSvtq3AAw&q=runner+of+a+francis+turbine&oq=runner
[6] A text book of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines by Dr. R.K. Bansal
[7]Fox and Mc Donald’s Introduction to fluid mechanics.