Hydraulic Machines

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
(converts either fluid hydraulic energy
into mechanical energy or vice-versa)

TURBINE: Power producing machine

Hydraulic Energy → Mech Energy

PUMP: Power consuming machine

Mech Energy → Hydraulic Energy
(Pressure Energy)
Velocity Triangles

NOTATIONS
1. Inlet
2. Outlet/Exit

U: Blade velocity (U1, U2)

(Tangential/Peripheral/Circumferential)
 Velocity Triangles

V: Absolute velocity of fluid (V1, V2)

Vw: Whirl/Tangential component (Vw1, Vw2)
(Power)

Vf: Flow component (Vf1, Vf2)

(Discharge)
Velocity Triangles

Vr: Relative velocity of fluid (Vr1, Vr2)

V = Vr + U

β: Rotor Blade Angle (β1, β2):

Angle made by Vr with direction of blade motion

α: Guide Vane Angle (α1, α2):

Angle made by V with direction of blade motion
 Velocity Triangles
A. Inlet Velocity Triangles
1. β1 < 90 °
Velocity Triangles

2. β1 = 90 °
Velocity Triangles

3. β1 > 90 °
Velocity Triangles

B. Outlet/Exit Velocity Triangles

1. α2 > 90 °
Velocity Triangles

2. α2 = 90 °
Velocity Triangles

3. α2 < 90 °
Velocity Triangles
Velocity Triangles

1. Radial Blade:

2. Radial Discharge:

3. Symmetrical Blade

4. Frictionless Blade

5. Tangential/Axial Flow:

6. Radial Flow
Velocity Triangles
Combined Velocity Triangle
 Hydraulic Turbine
Principle of rotating Machines (Euler’s equation)
Ang momentum of fluid at Inlet (L1) = m Vw1 R1
Ang momentum of fluid at Outlet (L2) = m Vw2 R2

Newton’s IInd Law:

Torque developed by fluid = Rate of change of ang
momentum of fluid
T = m (Vw1 R1 - Vw2 R2)

Power developed = T*ω = m (Vw1 R1 - Vw2 R2) * ω

Power = m (Vw1U1 - Vw2U2)

Hydraulic Turbine
Physical significance of Euler’s equation
Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic Turbine

Degree of Reaction (R)

➢ Ratio of pressure energy change to total
energy change inside the rotor of
Turbomachine.
➢ Ratio of static pressure change to total
pressure change (static+dynamic) inside the
rotor.
 Hydraulic Turbine
Q. The vel Δ at inlet and outlet of the
rotor of a turbine m/c are shown.
V2 W1
V → Abs vel of fluid
W2 V1 W → Rel vel of fluid
U U → Blade vel
1 → Inlet
2 →outlet
If V2 = W1 and V1 = W2 then R = ?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 0.5
D. 0.25
 Hydraulic Turbine
A) Based on Energy available at Inlet
TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
1. Both pressure & Kinetic energy available:
Reaction (Pressure) Turbine

Egs:
▪ Francis
▪ Kaplan
▪ Propeller

2. Only KE available:
Impulse(Velocity) Turbine

Egs:
▪ Pelton Wheel
▪ Turgo Impulse
Hydraulic Turbine

B) Based on flow direction in the Turbine

1. Radial Flow (Francis)

2. Axial Flow (Kaplan/Propeller)

3. Tangential Flow (Pelton Wheel)

Hydraulic Turbine
C) Based on Net/Effective head (H) at Inlet

1. High Head (H>300m): Pelton Wheel

2. Medium Head (H → 60-300m): Francis

3. Low head (H<60m): Kaplan/Propeller

 Hydraulic Turbine
D) Based on Specific speed (Ns) of turbine

1. High Sp. Speed (Ns>300): Kaplan/Propeller

2. Medium Sp. Speed (Ns → 60-300): Francis

3. Low Sp. Speed (Ns<60): Pelton Wheel

Note: If Head, Discharge, Speed & Size are same,

Reaction Turbine is more efficient than Impulse
Turbine
Hydraulic Turbine
 Hydraulic Turbine
1. Hydraulic/Water Power (HP):
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS Power available at Turbine Inlet

2. Runner/Rotor Power (RP)

Power developed by Rotor of Turbine

3. Shaft/Brake Power:
Power available at Output Shaft
 Hydraulic Turbine
4. Hydraulic Efficiency:
= RP/HP
HP > RP > SP

5. Mechanical Efficiency
= SP/RP

6. Overall Efficiency:
= SP/HP

7. Speed Ratio (ϕ)

8. Flow Ratio (ψ)

 Hydraulic Turbine

SPECIFIC SPEED (Ns) OF TURBINE

➢ It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is similar in shape
& geometric dimension with actual turbine but of such a size
that it should develop unit power (P=1KW) when working under
unit head (H=1m) at its maximum efficiency.

➢ It is used to compare performance of different turbines or

selecting the suitable turbine to be installed for a given
situation.
 Hydraulic Turbine
TURBINE SELECTION

Specific Speed (SI Unit) Turbine

1. Ns < 30 Pelton Wheel with Single Jet

2. 30 < Ns < 60 Pelton Wheel with Multi-Jets

3. 60 < Ns < 300 Francis

4. Ns > 300 Kaplan/Propeller

Hydraulic Turbine

To develop relation between N, P, H

Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic Pump
SPECIFIC SPEED (Ns) OF PUMP

Speed of a geometrically similar pump which

would deliver unit discharge (Q=1m3/s) when
working against unit head (H=1m)

To develop relation between N, Q, H

Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Turbine
SPECIFIC HEAD / HEAD COEFFICIENT (Hs)
 Hydraulic Turbine
SPECIFIC DISCHARGE / DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT (Qs)
 Hydraulic Turbine
SPECIFIC POWER (Ps)

Note: Specific Speed (Ns), Specific Head (Hs),

Specific Discharge (Qs) & Specific Power (Ps)
remains same for a Turbine/Pump and its model.
Hydraulic Machines
Q. At a hydro-electric power plant site,
available head and flow rate are 24.5
m and 10.1 m3/s resp. If the turbine
to be installed is reqd to run at 4 rev
per sec with an overall efficiency of
90%. The suitable type of turbine for
this site is?
Hydraulic Machines
Q. In a hydro-electric station, water is
available at the rate of 175 m3/s
under a head of 18 m. The turbines
run at speed of 150 rpm with overall
efficiency of 82%. Find the no. of
turbines reqd if they have max.
specific speed of 460 .
Hydraulic Machines
Q. A model of a hydraulic turbine is
tested at a head of ¼ of that under
which full scale turbine works. The dia
of model is half of that of full scale
turbine. If ‘N’ is the rpm of full scale
turbine, rpm of model will be?
A. N/2
B. N
C. 2N
D. None
Hydraulic Machines
Q. A hydraulic turbine develops 1000
kW power for a head of 40 m. If the
head is reduced to 20m the power
developed is
A. 177 kW
B. 354 kW
C. 500 kW
D. 707 kW
Hydraulic Machines
Q. A large hydraulic turbine is to
generate 300 kW at 100 rpm under a
head of 40 m. For initial testing, a 1 : 4
scale model of the turbine operates
under a head of 10 m. The power
generated by model will be ………..KW.
Hydraulic Machines
Q. Consider two hydraulic turbines having
identical specific and effective head at
Inlet. If the speed ratio (N1/N2) of the
two turbines is 2, resp. power ratio
(P1/P2) is …..
Hydraulic Machines
A. TANGENTIAL FLOW IMPULSE
(VELOCITY) TURBINE
U1 = U2 Vr2 = Vr1

1. Main Parts:
➢ Casing (To prevent water splashing)
➢ Nozzle with flow regulating
arrangement (Spear)
➢ Wheel with Buckets
Hydraulic Machines
2. Principle:
• It applies principle of pure
Impulse effect.
• Water from reservoir flows
through penstock at the outlet of
which a nozzle is fitted which
increases KE of water.
• Water comes out in form of jet
striking the buckets tangentially
so KE converts into Mech Energy
Hydraulic Machines
Hydraulic Machines
3. Velocity Triangles
Hydraulic Machines

4. Analysis
Hydraulic Machines

4. Analysis
Hydraulic Machines
5. Performance Parameters:
i) Power at Nozzle Base

ii) Jet Power

iii) Runner Power (RP)

iv) Shaft Power (SP)

v) Nozzle Efficiency
Hydraulic Machines
vi) Hydraulic/Jet Efficiency
Hydraulic Machines
Hydraulic Machines

vii) Mechanical Efficiency

viii) Overall Efficiency

 Hydraulic Machines
6. Design Parameters

i) Speed Ratio:

ii) Flow Ratio:

iii) Wheel Diameter (D):

iv) Jet Ratio (m): Wheel Dia (D)/ Jet dia (d)

v) No of buckets on wheel (Z)

Z = 15 + m/2

vi) No of jets
Hydraulic Machines
Q. Two jets strike the buckets of a pelton
wheel which has shaft power of
21000 hp. The diameter of each jet is
20 cm and net head at the base of
Nozzle is 400 m. Find the overall
efficiency of the turbine neglecting
losses at Nozzle (Cv = 1)
Hydraulic Machines
Q. In a pelton wheel, the Bucket
peripheral speed is 10 m/s. The water
jet vel is 25 m/s & vol flow rate is 0.1
m3/s. If the jet deflection angle is
120° and the flow is ideal, the power
developed is ------- KW.
Hydraulic Machines
Hydraulic Machines
Q. Water is issued from a nozzle with a
vel. of 10 m/s and the jet strikes the
bucket mounted on a pelton wheel.
The wheel rotates at 10 rad/s. The
mean diameter of the wheel is 1m.
The jet splits into 2 equal streams by
the bucket such that each stream is
deflected by 120°. Friction in the
bucket may be neglected. Mag of
torque exerted by the water on the
wheel per unit mass flow rate of the
incoming jet is…………..N-m/(Kg/s)
Hydraulic Machines
Hydraulic Machines
B. REACTION (PRESSURE) TURBINE
Vw2 = 0

Vf1 = Vf2

1. Main Parts:
➢ Casing
➢ Guide Vanes
➢ Runner with Blades
➢ Draft Tube:
 Hydraulic Machines
2. Principle:
➢ Reaction Turbine applies the principle of both
Reaction & Impulse effect.
➢ Each stage of Reaction Turbine consists of
fixed & moving blades forming Nozzle passage,
so there is a pressure drop producing power
accompanied by increase in velocity also.
➢ Fluid is then passed through Draft Tube for
pressure recovery.

Total Pr. energy drop = Mech Energy produced + KE increase

 Hydraulic Machines
DRAFT TUBE:
▪ Diffuser passage used in Reaction Turbine only for
carrying water from turbine outlet to tail race.
▪ It is used to convert KE at turbine outlet into
Pressure energy (Pressure recovery)
▪ It causes pressure at turbine outlet to decrease
below Patm enabling the turbine to utilize available
head most efficiently.

Note: Only Reaction Turbine & Centrifugal Pump are

subjected to Cavitation. In Reaction Turbine, cavitation
chance is at turbine outlet or draft tube inlet. But in
Centrifugal Pump, it is at Suction side or Pump Inlet
 Hydraulic Machines
3. Velocity Triangles:
Hydraulic Machines
4. Performance Parameters

i) Hydraulic Power (HP)

ii) Runner Power (RP)

iii) Shaft Power (SP)

HP > RP > SP
 Hydraulic Machines

HP > RP > SP iv) Hydraulic Efficiency

v) Mechanical/Diagram Efficiency

vi) Blade Efficiency

vii) Overall Efficiency

Hydraulic Machines
Q. The inlet angle of runner blades of
francis turbine is 90°. The blades are
so shaped that tangential component
of velocity at blade outlet is zero. The
flow velocity remains constant
throughout the blade passage and is
equal to half of blade velocity at
runner inlet. The blade efficiency of
runner is ……………….
Hydraulic Machines
RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE:

(U1 ≠ U2)

Eg: FRANCIS TURBINE

Q = (πD1B1) Vf = (πD2B2) Vf
Hydraulic Machines
AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE:

(U1 = U2)

Vf : Axial component of velocity

Eg: Kaplan & Propeller Turbines

Q = π/4 (Do𝟐 – D𝒃𝟐 ) Vf

Note: Kaplan Turbine is little more efficient

than Propeller turbine due to adjustable
Blades in Kaplan Turbine.
Hydraulic Machines
Q. At the inlet of an axial impulse
turbine Rotor, the blade linear speed
is 25m/s, magnitude of absolute
velocity is 100 m/s and angle
between them is 25° .The relative
velocity and axial component of
velocity remains same between inlet
and outlet of blades. The blade inlet
and outlet velocity triangles are
shown in fig. Assuming no losses,
Specific Work (J/kg) is ………...
Hydraulic Machines
 Hydraulic Pump

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
Principle:
▪ Inverse of Francis Turbine
▪ Due to centrifugal action, partial vacuum/suction
is created at impeller edge/tip causing the liquid
to move in suction pipe axially.
▪ Then Pump imparts energy to the liquid by
means of a centrifugal force developed by the
rotation of an impeller that has several blades or
vanes
▪ Each stage of centrifugal pump (fixed & moving
blades) form diffuser passage due to which
liquid pressure increases.
Hydraulic Pump
STATIC AND MANOMETRIC HEADS

Suction Head/Lift (hs):

Vertical distance from Pump centreline
and sump level

Delivery Head/lift (hd):

Vertical distance from Pump centreline
and delivery point

Static Head (Hs): hs + hd

Hydraulic Pump

MANOMETRIC HEAD (Hm)

Head against which centrifugal pump
works or Head raised by Pump
Hydraulic Pump
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH):
Total suction pressure head at pump inlet to
make the liquid flow from suction pipe to pump
impeller without causing cavitation.
Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Pump
 ALL THE BEST
MOST IMPORTANT IMPORTANT LESS IMPORTANT
Viscosity (Newton’s Law) Surface Tension Free Vortex
Manometry (Pressure Equation) Buoyancy & Floatation Laminar flow through
parallel plates

Hydrostatic Force Moment of Momentum Eqn (Lawn Turbulent Flow in Pipe

Sprinkler)

Kinematics (Continuity Eq, Streamline, Acceleration, HGL & TEL Losses in Pipe flow (Minor)
Rotation, Deformation, Velocity potential & Stream
function)
Energy Equation application (Venturi+Pitot tube) & Darcy Multi Reservoir (Pipe Branching) & BL Separation, Drag & Lift
Weisbach Eqn Power transmission

Momentum Eqn (Pipe Bend & Impact of jet) Rigid Body Motion (Translation & Dimensional Analysis
Rotation)

Laminar Flow in pipe Hydraulic Pump

Series+Parallel Combination of Pipes

Boundary Layer Theory

Model Laws & Specific Speed/Head/Discharge of turbine

Velocity triangle of turbine & Performance Parameters

Hydraulic Pump