KIMIA KATALIS

REAKSI HETEROGEN
BY HERIYANTI

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 SISTEM PENILAIAN

• Kehadiran
• Tugas
• Quiz
• MID
• UAS

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 KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN

1. Toleransi keterlambatan 15 menit

2. Berpakaian rapi (kemeja, sepatu)

3. Telah mempersiapkan diri dengan membaca bab

yang akan dibahas.

4. Me-non-aktif-kan/silent HP.

5. Tidak mengerjakan tugas mata kuliah lain/

praktikum.

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 Silabus

• Katalis Heterogen (9 & 10)

• Katalis Pengemban (11 - 12)
• Aplikasi reaksi katalitik dalam berbagai industri
(13 – 15)  Tugas Kelompok

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 Outline

• Katalis Heterogen
› Pendahuluan
› Pengertian
› Mekanisme Reaksi: proses dasar pada permukaan
› Adsorpsi dan faktor yang menentukan
› Aktivitas katalitik

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 1. Pendahuluan: Catalysis & Catalysts
• Facts and Figures about Catalysts
Life cycle on the earth
› Catalysts (enzyme) participates most part of life cycle
e.g. forming, growing, decaying
› Catalysis contributes great part in the processes of converting sun energy to various
other forms of energies
e.g. photosynthesis by plant CO2 + H2O=HC + O2
› Catalysis plays a key role in maintaining our environment

Chemical Industry
› ca. $2 bn annual sale of catalysts
› ca. $200 bn annual sale of the chemicals that are related products
› 90% of chemical industry has catalysis-related processes
› Catalysts contributes ca. 2% of total investment in a chemical process
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 1. Pendahuluan: What is Catalysis
• Catalysis
› Catalysis is an action by catalyst which takes part in a chemical reaction process and
can alter the rate of reactions, and yet itself will return to its original form without
being consumed or destroyed at the end of the reactions
(This is one of many definitions)

Three key aspects of catalyst action

 taking part in the reaction
• it will change itself during the process by interacting with other reactant/product
molecules
 altering the rates of reactions
• in most cases the rates of reactions are increased by the action of catalysts; however, in
some situations the rates of undesired reactions are selectively suppressed
 Returning to its original form
• After reaction cycles a catalyst with exactly the same nature is ‘reborn’
• In practice a catalyst has its lifespan - it deactivates gradually during use

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 1. Pendahuluan: Action of Catalysts
• Catalysis action - Reaction kinetics and mechanism
Catalyst action leads to the rate of a reaction to change.
This is realised by changing the course of reaction (compared to non-catalytic reaction)
› Forming complex with reactants/products, controlling the rate of elementary steps
in the process. This is evidenced by the facts that
• The reaction activation energy is altered
uncatalytic
• The intermediates formed are different from
those formed in non-catalytic reaction catalytic

energy
• The rates of reactions are altered (both reactant
desired and undesired ones) produc
› Reactions proceed under less demanding conditions reaction processt

• Allow reactions occur under a milder conditions, e.g. at lower temperatures for those heat
sensitive materials

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 1. Pendahuluan: Types of Catalysts
• The types of catalysts
› Classification based on the its physical state, a catalyst can be
• gas
• liquid
• solid
› Classification based on the substances from which a catalyst is made
• Inorganic (gases, metals, metal oxides, inorganic acids, bases etc.)
• Organic (organic acids, enzymes etc.)
› Classification based on the ways catalysts work
• Homogeneous - both catalyst and all reactants/products are in the same phase (gas or liq)
• Heterogeneous - reaction system involves multi-phase (catalysts + reactants/products)
› Classification based on the catalysts’ action
• Acid-base catalysts
• Enzymatic
• Photocatalysis
• Electrocatalysis, etc.

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 1. Pendahuluan: Applications of Catalysis
• Industrial applications
Almost all chemical industries have one or more steps employing catalysts
› Petroleum, energy sector, fertiliser, pharmaceutical, fine chemicals …
Advantages of catalytic processes
› Achieving better process economics and productivity
• Increase reaction rates - fast
• Simplify the reaction steps - low investment cost
• Carry out reaction under mild conditions (e.g. low T, P) - low energy consumption
› Reducing wastes
• Improving selectivity toward desired products - less raw materials required, less unwanted wastes
• Replacing harmful/toxic materials with readily available ones
› Producing certain products that may not be possible without catalysts
› Having better control of process (safety, flexible etc.)
› Encouraging application and advancement of new technologies and materials
› And many more …

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 1. Pendahuluan: Applications of Catalysis
• Environmental applications
› Pollution controls in combination with industrial processes
• Pre-treatment - reduce the amount waste/change the composition of emissions
• Post-treatments - once formed, reduce and convert emissions
• Using alternative materials
…
› Pollution reduction
• gas - converting harmful gases to non-harmful ones
• liquid - de-pollution, de-odder, de-colour etc
• solid - landfill, factory wastes
…
› And many more …

• Other applications
› Catalysis and catalysts play one of the key roles in new technology development.

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 1. Pendahuluan: Research in Catalysis
• Research in catalysis involve a multi-discipline approach
› Reaction kinetics and mechanism
• Reaction paths, intermediate formation & action, interpretation of results obtained under
various conditions, generalising reaction types & schemes, predict catalyst performance…
› Catalyst development
• Material synthesis, structure properties, catalyst stability, compatibility…
› Analysis techniques
• Detection limits in terms of dimension of time & size and under extreme conditions (T, P)
and accuracy of measurements, microscopic techniques, sample preparation techniques…
› Reaction modelling
• Elementary reactions and rates, quantum mechanics/chemistry, physical chemistry …
› Reactor modelling
• Mathematical interpretation and representation, the numerical method, micro-kinetics,
structure and efficiency of heat and mass transfer in relation to reactor design …
› Catalytic process
• Heat and mass transfers, energy balance and efficiency of process …

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•
1. Pendahuluan: Catalytic
General requirements for a good catalyst
Reaction Processes
› Activity - being able to promote the rate of desired reactions
› Selective - being to promote only the rate of desired reaction and also
retard the undesired reactions
Note: The selectivity is sometime considered to be more important than the
activity and sometime it is more difficult to achieve
(e.g. selective oxidation of NO to NO2 in the presence of SO2)
› Stability - a good catalyst should resist to deactivation, caused by
– the presence of impurities in feed (e.g. lead in petrol poison TWC.
– thermal deterioration, volatility and hydrolysis of active components
– attrition due to mechanical movement or pressure shock

› A solid catalyst should have reasonably large surface area needed for reaction
(active sites). This is usually achieved by making the solid into a porous
structure.

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 1. Pendahuluan: Mekanisme Reaksi

Mekanisme umum:
Reaktan + katalis  “kompleks”
Compleks  Produk + Katalis

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 2. Pengertian Katalis Heterogen
• Katalis heterogen, dimana katalisis terjadi
dalam fase yang lebih dari satu, katalis dapat
berupa padatan dalam cairan atau padatan
dalam gas.
• Pada umumnya, katalis heterogen dibuat dari
unsur-unsur logam transisi sebab memiliki
sifat pengadsorpsi gas yang baik.

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 2. Pengertian Katalis Heterogen
• Advantages
There is little difficulty in separating and recycling the catalyst.

• Disadvantages
There is a lower effective concentration of catalyst since the
reaction occurs only on the exposed active surface.

To maximise the surface area catalysts are spread thinly on a

cheap and sturdy support. In the case of some metals a fine mesh
is used, such as the Pt mesh used to catalyse the oxidation of
ammonia

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen
Ada lima tahapan dalam reaksi heterogen
(Rahayu, Susanto Imam, 1995) :
a. Difusi molekul-molekul pereaksi menuju
permukaan,
b. Adsorpsi molekul-molekul pereaksi pada
permukaan,
c. Reaksi berlangsung di permukaan,
d. Desorpsi hasil reaksi dari permukaan,
e. Difusi hasil-hasil reaksi meninggalkan
permukaan menuju sistem keseluruhan.
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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

• secara umum :
1. Difusi molekul reaktan ke permukaan katalis
2. Adsorpsi reaktan pada permukaan katalis.
3. Reaksi difusi reaktan pada permukaan katalis.
4. Reaksi dalam lapisan adsorpsi.
5. Desorpsi produk reaksi dari permukaan
katalis.
6. Abfusi: produk keluar dari permukaan katalis
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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

For an explanation of what happens click on the numbers in turn, starting with 

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

Adsorption (STEP 1)
Incoming species lands on an active site and forms bonds with the catalyst. It may use some of the
bonding electrons in the molecules thus weakening them and making a subsequent reaction easier.

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

Adsorption (STEP 1)
Incoming species lands on an active site and forms bonds with the catalyst. It may use some of the
bonding electrons in the molecules thus weakening them and making a subsequent reaction easier.

Reaction (STEPS 2 and 3)

Adsorbed gases may be held on the surface in just the right orientation for a reaction to occur.
This increases the chances of favourable collisions taking place.

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

Adsorption (STEP 1)
Incoming species lands on an active site and forms bonds with the catalyst. It may use some of the
bonding electrons in the molecules thus weakening them and making a subsequent reaction easier.

Reaction (STEPS 2 and 3)

Adsorbed gases may be held on the surface in just the right orientation for a reaction to occur.
This increases the chances of favourable collisions taking place.

Desorption (STEP 4)
There is a re-arrangement of electrons and the products are then released from the active sites

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

ANIMATION

Adsorption (STEP 1)
Incoming species lands on an active site and forms bonds with the catalyst. It may use some of the
bonding electrons in the molecules thus weakening them and making a subsequent reaction easier.

Reaction (STEPS 2 and 3)

Adsorbed gases may be held on the surface in just the right orientation for a reaction to occur.
This increases the chances of favourable collisions taking place.

Desorption (STEP 4)
There is a re-arrangement of electrons and the products are then released from the active sites

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2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

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2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

H H

Pt surface

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2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

H H
H H
H C C H

Pt surface

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

H H

H C C H
• Hydrogen bonds to surface of metal.
• Break H-H bonds
H

H
Pt surface

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2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

H H

H C C H

H
Pt surface

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

• The double bond breaks and bonds to the

catalyst.

H H

C H
H C H

H
Pt surface

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 2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

• The hydrogen atoms bond with the carbon

H H

C H
H C H

H
Pt surface

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2. Mekanisme Reaksi Katalis Heterogen

H H

H C C H

H H

Pt surface

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