GAMBAR

BENTANGAN - 1
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Development is a graphical method of obtaining the area of the surfaces of a solid.
When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on a plane, the surface of
2 is said to be developed. The figure thus obtained is called a development of the
the solid
surfaces of the solid or simply development. Development of the solid, when folded or
rolled, gives the solid.
Examples
Prism – Made up of same number of rectangles as sides of the base
One side: Height of the prism
Other side: Side of the base

Cylinder – Rectangle
One side: Circumference of the base
Other side: Height of the cylinder h

Pyramid – Number of triangles in contact fd pd

T. L.
The base may be included
if present
Methods used to develop surfaces
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1. Parallel-line development: Used for prisms, cylinders etc. in
which parallel lines are drawn along the surface and transferred
to the development.

2. Radial-line development: Used for pyramids, cones etc. in which

the true length of the slant edge or generator is used as radius.

3. Triangulation development: Complex shapes are divided into a

number of triangles and transferred into the development
(usually used for transition pieces).

4. Approximate method: Surface is divided into parts and

developed. Used for surfaces such as spheres, paraboloids,
ellipsoids etc.

Note:- The surface is preferably cut at the location where the edge
will be smallest such that welding or other joining procedures
will be minimal.
Parallel line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of prisms
and cylinders. Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn from the two ends
of the solids and the lateral faces are located between these lines.

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 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle)
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H

pD
D
H= Height D= base diameter 
Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
 =R 3600
L Radial-line
H development
Parallel-line
development
S S H= Height S = Edge of base
Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

All sides
equal in length
 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
6FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

 = R 3600
L

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
Cube cut by section
plane Project, horizontally, the points of intersection of the
cutting plane with the edges.
4, d
Mark distances 3M, 3N

2, b

7 4
1 3
2
D
A C
B
Draw the development of the lower portion of the cone surface cut by a plane. Cone base
diameter is 40 mm and height is 50 mm. The cutting plane intersects the cone axis at an angle
of 45o and 20 mm below the vertex
8 • Divide the cone in the top view and project the corresponding
generator lines in the front view
Radius of cone = R
• Develop the complete surface of the cone by drawing an arc with
radius = length of side generator of cone and length of arc =
circumference of cone base
True lengths b2, 2o o
obtained by • Draw the corresponding generator lines
a g
auxiliary view 2 • Obtain true lengths of o1, o2 etc. by auxiliary view, rotation method
method OR by projecting onto one of the side generators (which are in true
b f
length)
c e
d • Mark the distances (true lengths) o1, o2…etc. in the development and
o T join them to get the development of the lower portion of the cone

o F o  R
= l
3600

1 2 3 4 l
4
2 3 4’
l3’ a a
2 2’
b 1 b
c
a d e
Length of arc =
b c d e fg f g
circumference of
base of cone
True length of (o2, o3) = (o2’, o3’) etc.
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If R = 2r then θ = 180°, i.e., if the slant height of a cone is equal to its

diameter of base then its development is a semicircle of radius equal to
the slant height.
 Develop the surface of the symmetrical half of an oblique pyramid with a
horizontal regular hexagonal base (side 20 mm and vertex 30 mm above one
corner
10 of the base) Obtain true lengths of the edges ob and oc by rotation or auxiliary view
method
Edge oa is seen in true length in the Front View
ab = bc = cd = side of hexagonal base = 20 mm
od and dc can be constructed as they are
perpendicular to each other
o, d b
a c The lengths of bc, and ob are known and therefore
these distances can be marked with the compass

T After drawing triangles odc and ocb, triangle oba

b c can be completed
F o
o
a

a b c d c b a c d

True lengths
d
 Develop the surface of the cylinder which is cut as shown
• Divide the base of the cylinder in the top and front views into
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f50 the a certain number of equal parts (12 here)
j
k i • Develop the surface of the cylinder (rectangle with length p x
l h diameter and height = height of cylinder) and divide it into the
g same number of equal parts
a
• The projector lines from the top view intersect the cut portion
b f of the cylinder at a, b, c…..f.
T c e
d • Project these points onto the developed surface
F g
g f h
45o e i
e,i f,h
d j
d,j k l
b,l c,k15o a b c a
a
100

30o
h ih px50 h
 Oblique square prism

e, j, h f, l, g h j l f

a, i, d b, k, c d i k b
i’, j’ b’, f’
a’, e’ b’, f’
i’ b’
i’, j’
f’

k’, l’ d’, h’ k’, l’

j’
d’ k’
d’, h’ c’, g’ i’
l’

h’
d’
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Oblique prism
e d

g f c
Parallel to each other
h a i b

f a b
a b
f

g h i
g h i