Introduction of Transformers: Instructor: Mrs. Gopika Agarwal Done By: Jivitesh Varshney (B.Tech-3rd Year) Branch-EN

Introduction of
transformers
INSTRUCTOR :
Mrs. Gopika Agarwal
DONE BY :
Jivitesh Varshney (B.Tech-3rd year) Branch- EN
contents :-
Preface
1. What is transformer ?
2. Principle of operation .
3. Types of transformer .
4. Working of transformer .
5. Single phase transformer .
6. Ideal transformer .
7. Equivalent circuit of transformer .

contd.,
Preface
8. Testing on transformer .
9. Voltage regulation on transformer .
10. Transformer efficiency .
11. All day efficiency of transformer .
12. Losses in transformer .
13. References .
what is transformer ?
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C. into low voltage high
current A.C. and vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
principle of operation
It is based on the principle of
MUTUAL INDUCTION .
According to which an e.m.f. is
induced in a coil when current in the
neighbouring coil changes.
figure. 1.1 :- principle of operation

types of transformer
CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE
fig. 1.2 fig. 1.3

figure 1.4 : cut view
CUT VIEW OF TRANSFORMER

working of transformer..
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in nature, a
changing magnetic field is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary through the
soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the secondary
figure 1.5
single phase transformer..
A single-phase transformer is a type of power figure 1.6 : 1-phase transformer
transformer that utilizes single-phase alternating current,
meaning the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that
operates in a unified time phase. They are often used to
step-down long distance and localized transmission
currents into power levels more suitable for residential
and light-commercial applications. The ratio of primary
(input) windings to secondary (output) windings
determines the change in current.
Single-phase transformers are more popular than three-

phase transformers in non-urban areas, as the cost of a
three-phase distribution network is much higher, and the
overall electrical demand is lower. A single-phase
transformer is frequently used for power distribution and
voltage reduction for residential and commercial
applications.
ideal transformer
● Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents are confined within the core
● The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
● The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic flux
● Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents fig. 1.7
contd.,
V1 – supply voltage ; I1- no load input current ;

V2- output voltage; I2- output current ;
fig. 1.9
E2- mutually induced emf .
Im- magnetising current;
fig. 1.9
E1-self induced emf ;
equivalent circuit
of transformer
no load equiv. circuit
fig. 2.0
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to primary and
secondary sides respectively
fig. 2.1 : when referred to primary side

where , K is the transformation ratio
K = V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1 ;
contd.,
fig. 2.1 : when referred to

secondary side
testing on transformers..
Open Circuit Test
The open-circuit test, or "no-load test", is one of the methods used in

electrical engineering to determine the no load impedance in the
excitation branch of a transformer.
This test only measures the combined iron losses consisting of the
hysteresis loss and the eddy current loss. Although the hysteresis loss is
less than the eddy current loss, it is not negligible.
contd., open circuit test
fig. 2.2
● Usually conducted on H.V side
● To find
(i) No load loss or core loss
(ii) No load current Io which is helpful
in finding Go(or Ro ) and Bo (or Xo )
short circuit test..
Short-Circuit Test
The purpose of a short-circuit test is to determine the series branch

parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer.
The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer where
the low-voltage (LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. A wattmeter is
connected to the primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the
primary winding. A voltmeter is optional since the applied voltage is the
same as the voltmeter reading.
contd., short circuit test
fig. 2.3
● Usually conducted on L.V side
● To find
(i) Full load copper loss – to
pre determine the efficiency
(ii) Z01 or Z02; X01 or X02; R01 or
R02 - to predetermine the voltage
regulation
voltage regulation of a transformer
Voltage regulation is the measure of how well a power transformer can maintain
constant secondary voltage given a constant primary voltage and wide variance in
load current. The lower the percentage (closer to zero), the more stable the
secondary voltage and the better the regulation it will provide.
Substitute we
have :-
transformer efficiency
.
Transformer efficiency is defined as output power to the input power
all day efficiency of transformer..
● All day efficiency is always less than the commercial

efficiency
losses in transformer..
Core or Iron Loss:
Core or Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of the transformer as
this loss occurs in the core it is also known as Core loss. Iron loss is further divided
into hysteresis and eddy current loss.
(i) Eddy Current Loss:
The circulating currents are called Eddy Currents. They will occur when the conductor
experiences a changing magnetic field. As these currents are not responsible for
doing any useful work, and it produces a loss (I2R loss) in the magnetic material
known as an Eddy Current Loss.
cond.,
● Ke – coefficient of eddy current. Its value depends upon the nature of magnetic
material like volume and resistivity of core material, thickness of laminations
● Bm – maximum value of flux density in wb/m2
● T – thickness of lamination in meters
● F – frequency of reversal of magnetic field in Hz
● V – volume of magnetic material in m3
(ii) Hysteresis Loss:

These losses occur in the core of the transformer and are generated due to the
variations in the flux. These losses depend upon the magnetic properties of the
materials which are present in the core, so they are also known as iron losses, as the
core of the Transformer is made up of iron.
contd.,
● KȠ is a proportionality constant which depends upon the volume and quality of

the material of the core used in the transformer.
● f is the supply frequency
● Bmax is the maximum or peak value of the flux density.
Copper Loss Or Ohmic Loss:
These losses occur due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. If I1 and I2
are the primary and the secondary current. R1 and R2 are the resistance of primary
and secondary winding then the copper losses occurring in the primary and
secondary winding will be I12R1 and I22R2 respectively.
cond.,
Therefore, the total copper losses will be
These losses varied according to the load and known hence it is also known as
variable losses. Copper losses vary as the square of the load current.
references….
1.https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/electrical_electronic_co
mponents/transformers/
2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenz%27s_law
4.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Current_(comics)
thank you !

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Introduction of

5. Single phase transformer .

7. Equivalent circuit of transformer .

9. Voltage regulation on transformer .

10. Transformer efficiency .

11. All day efficiency of transformer .

12. Losses in transformer .

figure. 1.1 :- principle of operation

fig. 1.2 fig. 1.3

CUT VIEW OF TRANSFORMER

Single-phase transformers are more popular than three-

V1 – supply voltage ; I1- no load input current ;

fig. 2.1 : when referred to primary side

fig. 2.1 : when referred to

The open-circuit test, or "no-load test", is one of the methods used in

The purpose of a short-circuit test is to determine the series branch

● All day efficiency is always less than the commercial

(ii) Hysteresis Loss:

● KȠ is a proportionality constant which depends upon the volume and quality of

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