Introduction To Electronic Communications

INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS
By engr. Silverio V. Magday Jr
Communications
 The basic process of exchanging information
 Transfer of information from one place to another
Electronic Communications
 It is the transmission, reception and processing of
information by electronic means
DEFINITIONS
 Smoke signal
 Communication drums
 Runes
 Heraldry
 Semaphore
EARLY FORMS OF COMMUNICATIONS

 Distance
 Language
BARRIERS TO HUMAN
COMMUNICATIONS
 The received information is the exact replica of the
transmitted information
PERFECT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

dB CALCULATIONS
DECIBEL Comparison of
two powers and
does not
A means of
express a fixed
expressing
value unless it
change in
refers to dB
power level
above or below
some specific
reference point
dB CALCULATIONS
Change in POWER PdB = 10 log (Pout/Pin)

expressed in Decibels
Change in VOLTAGE VdB = 20 log Vout/Vin ;

expressed in Decibels (if R2=R1)
Change in CURRENT IdB = 20 log Iout/Iin ;

expressed in Decibels (if R2=R1)
POWER with RESPECT to SPECIFIC
REFERENCE POWER LEVEL
dBk = 10 log (Plevel/1x103 W)

dBw = 10 log (Plevel/1 W)
dBm = 10 log (Plevel/1x10-3 W)
dBu = 10 log (Plevel/1x10-6 W)
dBn = 10 log (Plevel/1x10-9 W)
dBp = 10 log (Plevel/1x10-12 W)
dBf = 10 log (Plevel/1x10-15 W)
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. How much in decibels is 125 W larger than 45 W?
a. 2. 78 dB
b. 4.44 dB
c. 27.8 dB
d. 44.4 dB
2. Determine the attenuation in decibels for the

attenuator having an input power of 100mW and an
output power of 3.5 mW.
a. 0.035 dB
b. -1.46 dB
c. 14.6 dB
d. -14.6 dB
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
3. Express 38 dB as a voltage ratio.
a. 6309
b. 79.43
c. 158.87
d. 63.09
4. Express 425 mW as dBm.

a. 2.63 dBm
b. 26.3 dBm
c. -2.63 dBm
d. -26.3 dBm
dB OPERATIONS
dB1 + dB2 = dBT
dB + dBm = dBm
dB + dBu = dBu
dB + dBk = dBk
dBm1 + dBm2 Invalid operation
dBw1 + dBw2 Note: convert power

levels into watts and
dBk + dBw perform the operation
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. What is the power output of a 3-stage amplifier having gains equal
to 25 dB, -35 dB and 50 dB respectively, if the input power is 10 mW?
a. 100 W
b. 100 mW
c. 10 W
d. 10 mW
2. The input to a three-stage system is -12 dBm. The power gain of

the first stage is 40 dB, for the second stage a loss of 35 dB, and for
the third stage, a gain of 25 dB. What is the power output in dBm?
a. -18 dBm
b. 18 dBm
c. 36 dBm
d. -36 dBm
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
3. What is the difference between -18 and 22 dBm?

a. 40 dB
b. 40 dBm
c. 4 dB
d. 4 dBm
POWER EXPRESSED IN
NEPERS
Power can also be defined in When

terms of the natural defined as
logarithm to the base the natural
e=2.718281828. logarithm,
the unit is
PNeper = ½ ln (Pout/Pin) Neper.
1 Neper = 8.686 dB ; 1 dB = 0.1151 Neper

Transmitter
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM
Communication Channel
SYSTEM
Receiver
SYSTEM
Source Communications
transmitter Noise
(information) medium
Message for
human receiver
application
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
One-way
 Simplex
Two-way
 Half-duplex
 Full-duplex
 Full-full duplex
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS(ONE WAY/TWO WAY)
Analog Signals
Digital Signals
SYSTEMS (SIGNALS)
Baseband
 Carrier
 Modulating signal
Modulated
SYSTEMS(SIGNALS)
Analog
 AM
 Angle Modulation (FM, PM)
Digital
 ASK
 FSK
 PSK
 QAM
SYSTEMS(MODULATION)
SYSTEMS(MODULATION)
SYSTEMS(MODULATION)
Analog
Digital
Digital Radio
Digital Transmission
SYSTEMS(TRANSMISSION)
REASONS WHY MODULATION IS
NECESSARY IN ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS
International Telecommunications Union ( ITU )
 Is an international agency in control of allocating frequencies
and services within the overall frequency spectrum.
Federal Communications Commission ( FCC )
 In the United States, assigns frequencies and communications
services for free-space radio propagation.
National Telecommunications Commission ( NTC )
THE RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
 Radio transmitter classifications according to bandwidth,
modulation scheme, and type of information.
 The first symbol is a letter that designates the type of modulation
of the main carrier.
 The second symbol is a number that identifies the type of
emission.
 The third symbol is another letter that describes the type of
information being transmitted.
EMISSION CLASSIFICATIONS
Basic Emission Classification
First Symbol – Type of Modulation of the Main Carrier
Emission of unmodulated carrier N
Emission in which the main carrier is amplitude
-> Double – sideband A
-> Single – sideband, full carrier H
-> Single –sideband, reduced or variable level carrier R
-> Single – sideband, suppressed carrier J
-> Independent sideband B
-> Vestigial sideband C
Emission in which the main carrier is angled modulated
-> Frequency Modulation F
-> Phase Modulation G

First Symbol – Type of Modulation of the Main Carrier
Emission in which the main carrier is angled and amplitude D
modulated simultaneously
Emission of pulses
-> Sequence of unmodulated pulses P
-> Sequence of pulses
->> Modulated in amplitude K
->> Modulated in width/duration L
->> Modulated in position/phase M
->> The carrier is angle – modulated during the Q
period of the pulse
->> Combination of the foregoing or is produced V
by other means
Cases not covered above or combination of two or more of the W
following modes: amplitude, angle, angle and phase
Cases otherwise not covered X
Second Symbol – Nature of the Signals Modulating the
Main Carrier
No modulating signal 0
Digitally keyed carrier 1
Digitally keyed tone 2
Analog 3
Multichannel digital 7
Multichannel analog 8
Combination 9
Cases not otherwise covered X

Third Symbol – Type of Information to be Transmitted
No information transmitted N
Telegraphy – for aural reception A
Telegraphy – for automatic reception B
Facsimile C
Data transmission, telemetry, telecommand D
Telephony (including sound broadcasting) E
Television (video ) F
Combination of the above W
Cases otherwise not covered X

Fourth Symbol – Details of Signals
Two – condition code with elements of differing numbers A
and/or durations
Two – condition code with elements of the same number and B

duration without error correction
Two – condition code with elements of the same number and C

duration with error correction
Four – condition code in which each condition represents a D

signal element
Multicondition code in which each condition represents a E

signal element
Multicondition code in which each condition or combination F

of conditions represents a character
Fourth Symbol – Details of Signals
Sound of broadcasting quality (monophonic) G
Sound of broadcasting quality (stereophonic or quadraphonic) H
Sound of commercial quality J
Sound of commercial quality with the use of frequency K

inversion or band splitting
Sound of commercial quality with separate frequency – L

modulated signals to control the levels of
demodulated signal
Monochrome M
Color N
Combination of the above W
Cases not otherwise covered X

The two most significant limitations in the performance of communications
systems
Noise
 Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the information signal.
Bandwidth
 The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the
information.
Passband
 The bandwidth of a communications channel is the difference between the
highest and lowest frequencies that the channel will allow to pass through it.
NOISE AND BANDWIDTH

Information Theory
 A highly theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth to
propagate information through electronic communications
systems.
Information Capacity
 The measure of how much information can be propagated
through a communications system and is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.
Binary Digit/ Bit
 The most basic digital symbol used to represent information.
INFORMATION THEORY
Bit Rate
 The number of bits transmitted during one second and is
expressed in bits per second (bps).
Hartley Law
 In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a
useful relationship among bandwidth, transmission time, and
information capacity.
INFORMATION THEORY
Shannon limit for information capacity
 In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon
published a paper in the Bell System Technical
Journal relating the information capacity of a
communications channel to bandwidth and
signal-to-noise ratio.
INFORMATION THEORY

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INTRODUCTION TO

EARLY FORMS OF COMMUNICATIONS

PERFECT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Change in POWER PdB = 10 log (Pout/Pin)

Change in VOLTAGE VdB = 20 log Vout/Vin ;

Change in CURRENT IdB = 20 log Iout/Iin ;

dBk = 10 log (Plevel/1x103 W)

2. Determine the attenuation in decibels for the

4. Express 425 mW as dBm.

dBw1 + dBw2 Note: convert power

2. The input to a three-stage system is -12 dBm. The power gain of

3. What is the difference between -18 and 22 dBm?

Power can also be defined in When

1 Neper = 8.686 dB ; 1 dB = 0.1151 Neper

Emission in which the main carrier is amplitude

-> Double – sideband A

-> Single – sideband, full carrier H

-> Single –sideband, reduced or variable level carrier R

-> Single – sideband, suppressed carrier J

-> Independent sideband B

-> Vestigial sideband C

Emission in which the main carrier is angled modulated

-> Frequency Modulation F

-> Phase Modulation G

Digitally keyed carrier 1

Digitally keyed tone 2

Cases not otherwise covered X

Telegraphy – for aural reception A

Telegraphy – for automatic reception B

Data transmission, telemetry, telecommand D

Telephony (including sound broadcasting) E

Combination of the above W

Cases otherwise not covered X

Two – condition code with elements of the same number and B

Two – condition code with elements of the same number and C

Four – condition code in which each condition represents a D

Multicondition code in which each condition represents a E

Multicondition code in which each condition or combination F

Sound of broadcasting quality (stereophonic or quadraphonic) H

Sound of commercial quality J

Sound of commercial quality with the use of frequency K

Sound of commercial quality with separate frequency – L

Combination of the above W

Cases not otherwise covered X

NOISE AND BANDWIDTH

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