PRE WINTER AND POST

WINTER ANALYSIS OF SEA

WATER AND INTERTIDAL
BIODIVERSITY
NAME : PRABHU NIKHIL R.
GUIDED BY : Dr. VINOD NARAYANE
Professor, Zoology Dept.
Birla College, Kalyan (W).
 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

 Environmental Science is an amalgamation of Environmental Chemistry and

Environmental Biology. As far as the pollution studies are concerned, it is observed that
there is a tendency to concentrate more on Environmental Chemistry and neglect
Environmental Biology by far.
 It is observed that both the physical and the chemical parameters of an ecosystem
largely influence the biota. Any minor change in the physical and chemical parameters
of the ecosystem can have large impact on the biota either in terms of its diversity or
population density or both.
 Thus, it was thought necessary to study both the chemical as well as the biological
aspects of the ecosystem.
 Seasonal Variation was also a thing which was considered in the investigation.
 INTRODUCTION
A. SITE DETAILS

 Worli Seaface was selected as the preferred site for analysis.

 The reasons being:-

1. Being a commercial area, it highlighted the presence of human habitat in abundance.

2. Also, the natural surroundings were very clearly visible in the sea just adjacent to the
commercial area.
3. The Worli Seaface is an eg. of Rocky shore. A rocky shore was preferred over a
sandy shore as it displays more biodiversity as compared to a sandy shore.
4. The period for analysis was fixed, keeping in mind, the popular festival of Ganesh
Chaturthi. It is observed that Ganapati idols are immersed in the huge water body on
the last day of the festival.
5. So, the samples were collected twice:- once, at the onset of winter and next, once the
winter season had passed by.
B. SEA WATER:-

 Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the

world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand
(also expressed 35‰ or 35 ppt). This means that every 1 kg of seawater
has approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts (mostly, but not entirely,
the ions of sodium chloride: Na+, Cl-). The average density of seawater
at the surface of the ocean is 1.025 g/ml; seawater is denser than
fresh water (which reaches a maximum density of 1.000 g/ml at a
temperature of 4°C). Seawater pH is limited to the range 7.5 to 8.4.

 Some of the elements found in abundance in Sea Water include:-

 Oxygen, Hydrogen, Chlorine, Sodium, Magnesium, Sulphur, Calcium,

Potassium, Bromine, Carbon
C. MARINE ECOSYSTEM:-

 Marine waters cover two-thirds of the surface of the Earth. Within this ocean
habitat live a wide variety of organisms that have evolved in response to
various features of their environs.
 Marine biota can be classified broadly into those organisms living in either
the pelagic environment (plankton and nekton) or the benthic environment
(benthos).
 Plankton are the numerous, primarily microscopic inhabitants of the pelagic
environment. They are critical components of food chains in all marine
environments) because they provide nutrition for the nekton (e.g.,
crustaceans, fish, and squid) and benthos (e.g., sea squirts and sponges).
 Nekton are the active swimmers of the oceans and are often the best-known
organisms of marine waters. Nekton are the top predators in most marine
food chains.
 Benthic organisms are abundant in surface sediments of the continental shelf
and in deeper waters, with a great diversity found in or on sediments.
 PARAMETERS
STUDIED
 Various physical as well as chemical parameters were studied on a seasonal
basis. One microbiological parameter was also studied.

 Physical Parameters studied were:-

 pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Density, Light intensity, Solid Contents in
Water.

• Chemical parameters studied were:-

 Conductivity, Chlorinity, Salinity, Phosphate-Phosphorus, Sulphates,
Nitrates, Nitrites, DO, BOD, Acidity, Alkalinity, Carbonate content, Organic
matter content.

 MPN count was analyzed as the Microbiological parameter.

 BIOLOGICAL SPECIMEN

 Biological study was not a major objective of the study

undertaken.
 Focus was maintained only to enlist the common fauna
found prevalently at the site.
 In totality, Five molluscan species and an arthropod
were observed in abundance in the sea water.
 Biodiversity studies were not done on a seasonal basis.
1. Bivalves:-

 Bivalves are exclusively aquatic; they include both marine and freshwater forms.
 Bivalves are unique among the molluscs for lacking a radula; they feed by
siphoning and filtering large particles from water.
 The sexes are usually separate, but some hermaphroditism is known. Bivalves
practice external fertilisation.
 Bivalves have an open circulatory system.

2. Trochus:-

 Trochus is a genus of medium-sized to very large sea snails. They are marine
gastropod molluscs in the family Trochidae, the top snails.
 This species is commercially exploited to make mother of pearl buttons, mother of
pearl beads, pendants and so on.
 Sea snails in the genus Trochus have shells that have a conical spire and a flat base.
3. Barnacles:-

 A barnacle is a type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea,

and is hence distantly related to crabs and lobsters.
 Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters.
 They are sessile suspension feeders.

4. Littorina:-

 Littorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae.
 It is a small edible species of gilled sea snail with an operculum,
 These small snails live in the tidal zone of rocky shores.
 It is primarily an algae grazer, but will feed on small invertebrates such as barnacle larvae.
5. Nerita:-

 Nerita melanotragus, common name black nerite, is a medium-sized sea snail, a marine
gastropod mollusc in the family Neritidae, the nerites.
 This species is commonly found on intertidal rocks, particularly in the mid to upper
intertidal zone.
 It prefers to attach to sloped or vertical rock surfaces, or hang from the underside of rocks.
 The external shell colour is black, but the aperture is white .

6. Edible Oyster:-

 The Commercial Edible Oyster has a solid and irregularly shaped shell. The lower (left)
valve which attaches to rock, or other solid object, becomes modified by its growth.
 Its exterior is bluish-white & interior is whitish, with blue-black markings.
 Occurs at high- to mid-tide level, on shores which are subjected to the influence of fresh
water.
Sr. No. Parameters
RESULTS Worli Seaface
Pre Winter Post Winter

1. pH 8.02 8.12
2. Temperature 28o C 31o C
3. Electrical Conductance (mho) 25.8 mS 30.8 mS
4. Density 1.01 g/ml 1.03 g/ml
5. Turbidity 150 NTU 110 NTU
6. Alkalinity 375 ppm 425 ppm
7. Acidity 125 ppm 100 ppm
8. Chlorinity 6970 ppm 9710 ppm
9. Salinity 12587 ppm 17527 ppm
10. Nitrite 0.03 ppm 0.05 ppm
11. Nitrate 0.23 ppm 0.41 ppm
12. Phosphate 0.35 ppm 0.5 ppm
13. Sulphate 200 ppm 340 ppm
14. DO 6.8 ppm 9.7 ppm
15. BOD 1.05 ppm 1.17 ppm
16. Organic matter content 4.644 gm% 5.524 gm%
17. CaCO3 content 1.42 gm% 1.87 gm%

18. MPN 34 60
19. Total Solids 12300 ppm 6600 ppm
20. Light intensity 292 x 100 lux 303 x 100 lux
 GRAPHS
Chart showing TDS variation

15000

10000
mg/L
5000 Pre Winter
Post Winter
0

Total Dissolved Solids

Graph showing Turbidity variation

150

100
NTU
50 Pre Winter
Post Winter
0

Turbidity
 Graph showing Acidity and Alkalinity variation

500
400
300
mg/L
200 Pre Winter
100
Post Winter
0

Alkalinity Acidity

Graph showing variations in Chlorinity and Salinity

20000
15000
mg/L 10000
Pre Winter
5000
Post Winter
0

Chlorinity Salinity
 Graph showing Nitrite and Nitrate variation

0.5
0.4
0.3
mg/L
0.2 Pre Winter
0.1
Post Winter
0

Nitrite Nitrate
Graph showing Phosphate variation

0.5
0.4
0.3
mg/L 0.2
0.1 Pre Winter
0
Post Winter
Phosphate

Graph showing Sulphate variation

350
300
250
200
mg/L Pre Winter
150
100 Post Winter
50
0
Sulphate
 Graph showing Dissolved Oxygen variation

10
8
6
mg/L Pre Winter
4
Post Winter
2
0
DO

Graph showing BOD variation

1.2
1.15
1.1
mg/L
1.05 Pre Winter
1 Post Winter
0.95
BOD

Graph showing MPN variation

60
50
40
mg/L 30
Pre Winter
20
Post Winter
10
0
MPN
 STANDARDS PRESCRIBED FOR SEA WATER
Sr. No. Parameters Standards as prescribed for Sea Water
1. pH 8.1-8.4
2. Temperature 27-33o C
3. Electrical Conductance (mho) 50-52 mS/cm
4. Density 1.022-1.024 g/ml
5. Turbidity 100 NTU
6. Alkalinity ----
7. Acidity ----
8. Chlorinity 19700 mg/L
9. Salinity 33000-35000 mg/L
10. Nitrite < 0.1 mg/L
11. Nitrate < 0.7 mg/L
12. Phosphate 0.2-0.5 mg/L
13. Sulphate 2740 mg/L
14. DO 7.5 mg/L
15. BOD 1 mg/L
16. Organic matter content ----
17. CaCO3 content ----

18. MPN 100 orgs./100 ml

19. Total Solids 35000 mg/L
20. Light intensity ----
 DISCUSSION

 Sea water analysis was carried out on a seasonal basis. Much variation was not seen
seasonally.
 Only parameters which did not fall in the normal range were: - Dissolved Oxygen
(Post Winter) and Turbidity.
 As DO is a measure of productivity in an ecosystem, it can be thus stated that the
productivity was much better in the post winter season as compared to the pre
winter season.
 The turbidity showed an upward trend in the pre winter season, due to the rain water
which got mixed with the sea in the monsoon. Turbidity was also seen to be higher
due to the immersion of Ganapati idols in the water body. Due to the deposition of
various chemicals in the water body, the turbidity of the sea water was observed to
be higher than normal.
 CONCLUSION

 From the results obtained during the investigation it can be concluded that:-
 Dissolved oxygen of the pond is found to be higher during the Post Winter season
stating that productivity is better during that season.
 BOD values are slightly higher indicating slightly more amount of organic matter.
 Turbidity values are high suggesting presence of some unwanted constituents in the
sea water.
 Thus from above data it can be concluded that the sea water body has been studied.
 Though it is too early to confirm our findings and it requires further studies on
following aspects:-
 Variation studies during other times of the year.
 Biodiversity studies on a larger scale.
 Seasonal study pertaining to Biodiversity.
 REFERENCES

 A Textbook of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control by S.S.Dara

 Environmental Chemistry (Fifth Edition) by A.K.De
 American Public Health Association (APHA): Standard Methods of Water Analysis
 AquaCare - Glossary - parameter in sea water.html
 Environmental Quality Standards for Water Pollutants.html
 External requirements and standard seawater composition.html
 PCD Water Quality Standards12.html
 Water Classifications.html
 www.wikipedia.co.in
 Salinity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.html
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365256/marine-ecosystem
 International American Standards Organisation (IASO)
 www.google.co.in
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I take this opportunity to thank all those helped me to complete my project.
I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. Naresh Chandra, Principal, Birla
College, Kalyan to avail all the facilities and helping me to complete my
project successfully. My sincere thanks to our Co-ordinator Dr. (Mrs.) Geeta
Unni Krishnan for her continuous encouragement, advice and constructive
criticisms.
 I express my profound gratitude to my guide Mr. Vinod Narayane. He
has provided me with valuable thoughts and ideas from time to time without
which my project would have been impossible. Also, I would thank him for
clarifying my doubts and also for helping me in any possible way. I thank him
for sparing his precious time for me.
 I would like to thank our madam Mrs. Sonal Tawde for her support,
valuable guidance and support.
 I thank our lab assistant Mr. Manish Verma, Mr. Pravin Jagtap and
other non-teaching staff, Birla College for their support during my project.
 Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who directly or
indirectly, helped me to complete this project.
 I sincerely apologise to anyone inadvertently overlooked.

Mr. PRABHU NIKHIL RAGHUNATH