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    CLADOGRAM

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    Alissa Calica
    This document defines key terms related to cladograms including synapomorphy, phylogeny, symplesiomorphy, and homoplasy. It explains that a cladogram is a diagram used to represent phylogenetic relationships between groups of organisms based on shared derived characteristics. Cladograms visually depict evolutionary relationships and common ancestors through lines and nodes. Groups on a cladogram are called clades that share a most recent common ancestor.

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    CLADOGRAM

    Uploaded by

    Alissa Calica
    240 views15 pages
    This document defines key terms related to cladograms including synapomorphy, phylogeny, symplesiomorphy, and homoplasy. It explains that a cladogram is a diagram used to represent phylogenetic relationships between groups of organisms based on shared derived characteristics. Cladograms visually depict evolutionary relationships and common ancestors through lines and nodes. Groups on a cladogram are called clades that share a most recent common ancestor.

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    This document defines key terms related to cladograms including synapomorphy, phylogeny, symplesiomorphy, and homoplasy. It explains that a cladogram is a diagram used to represent phylogenetic relationships between groups of organisms based on shared derived characteristics. Cladograms visually depict evolutionary relationships and common ancestors through lines and nodes. Groups on a cladogram are called clades that share a most recent common ancestor.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    240 views15 pages

    CLADOGRAM

    Uploaded by

    Alissa Calica
    This document defines key terms related to cladograms including synapomorphy, phylogeny, symplesiomorphy, and homoplasy. It explains that a cladogram is a diagram used to represent phylogenetic relationships between groups of organisms based on shared derived characteristics. Cladograms visually depict evolutionary relationships and common ancestors through lines and nodes. Groups on a cladogram are called clades that share a most recent common ancestor.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    The passage discusses key terms related to cladograms including synapomorphies, symplesiomorphies, homoplasies. It also explains what a cladogram is and how it is used.

    Synapomorphies are shared derived characteristics of a group. Symplesiomorphies are characteristics all organisms in a cladogram have. Homoplasies are shared characteristics through convergent evolution, not common descent.

    A cladogram is a diagram that represents hypothetical relationships between organisms and their evolution. It is used to visualize common ancestors and how groups of organisms are related. Cladograms can range from simple to complex.

    CLADOGRAM

    Key Terms
     Synapomorphy – A characteristic that
    only a specific group, descended from a
    common ancestor, possess.
    Key Terms
     Phylogeny
    – A hypothetical relationship
    between organisms, represented by a
    cladogram.
    Key Terms
     Symplesiomorphy – A characteristic that
    all organisms on a cladogram possess.
    Key Terms
     Homoplasy – A shared character that is
    shared through convergent evolution, not
    common decent.
    CLADOGRAM
    A cladogram is a diagram used to represent a
    hypothetical relationship between groups of
    animals, called a phylogeny. A cladogram is
    used by a scientist studying phylogenetic
    systematics to visualize the groups of
    organisms being compared, how they are
    related, and their most common ancestors. A
    cladogram can be simple, comparing only
    two or three groups of organisms, or it can be
    enormously complex and contain all the
    known forms of life.
    CLADOGRAM
     Cladogram design is universal, although simple. A
    cladogram consists of the organisms being studied,
    lines, and nodes where those lines cross. The lines
    represent evolutionary time, or a series of organisms
    that lead to the population it connects to. Nodes
    represent common ancestors between species. At
    some point in the past a population of common
    ancestor organisms was divided, giving rise to the
    different organisms being studied. Some cladograms
    show evolutionary time through the scale of the lines,
    longer lines meaning more time. Some cladograms
    chose to show extinct species, while others omit them.
    Any particular cladogram is formulated specifically for
    the use it is needed.
    CLADOGRAM
     A cladogram gets its name from the clades, or groups of
    organisms that are displayed. A clade is a group of living
    organisms and the common ancestor they are derived from.
    Scientist use synapomophies, or shared derived characters, to
    define these groups. For instance, mammary glands are a shared
    characteristic of mammals. All mammals and their oldest
    common ancestor, had or have mammary glands. Thus, if we are
    looking at an unidentified animal and trying to place it in a
    cladogram, if it has mammary glands we know it belongs in that
    branch. Symplesiomorphies, by contrast, are characters that all
    organisms in the cladogram have. If the cladogram including the
    mammals was of all vertebrates, then the presence of vertebrae
    in our unknown animal would be a symplesiomorphy.
    Symplesiomorphies do not tell us anything about the relatedness
    of different groups in a cladogram, because all the organisms
    have (or had), that characteristic.
    1. In the following cladogram,
    which groups are most closely
    related?

     A. Beetles and Ants


     B. Flies and Beetles
     C. Moths and Flies
     2. You are making a cladogram of fruit.
    You have 4 fruits: a banana, and orange,
    a red apple, and a green apple. On
    appearance alone, which of these is an
    outgroup, and which two belong on the
    node furthest from the start of the
    diagram?
     A. Orange; Banana and Red Apple
     B. Banana; Orange and Red Apple
     C. Banana; Red Apple and Green Apple
     3. Look at the cladogram referenced in
    question #1. Which of the following
    characteristics is a symplesiomorphy of
    the cladogram?
     A. Wings
     B. A tongue to gather nectar
     C. Wings that fold under a hard shell
    ANSWER:
    1. C
    2. C
    3. A

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