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    Evolition 12

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    Mamila Tad
    The document discusses the differences between anagenesis and cladogenesis, which are two types of evolutionary mechanisms. Anagenesis involves phyletic evolution within a single species where the gene pool transforms, while cladogenesis involves branching evolution where the ancestral species splits into multiple new species, each with their own distinct gene pools. The document also defines and describes the key components and construction of cladograms, which are graphical representations of hypothesized phylogenetic relationships between organisms based on analyses of their morphological or molecular characters.

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    Evolition 12

    Uploaded by

    Mamila Tad
    23 views5 pages
    The document discusses the differences between anagenesis and cladogenesis, which are two types of evolutionary mechanisms. Anagenesis involves phyletic evolution within a single species where the gene pool transforms, while cladogenesis involves branching evolution where the ancestral species splits into multiple new species, each with their own distinct gene pools. The document also defines and describes the key components and construction of cladograms, which are graphical representations of hypothesized phylogenetic relationships between organisms based on analyses of their morphological or molecular characters.

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    The document discusses the differences between anagenesis and cladogenesis, which are two types of evolutionary mechanisms. Anagenesis involves phyletic evolution within a single species where the gene pool transforms, while cladogenesis involves branching evolution where the ancestral species splits into multiple new species, each with their own distinct gene pools. The document also defines and describes the key components and construction of cladograms, which are graphical representations of hypothesized phylogenetic relationships between organisms based on analyses of their morphological or molecular characters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views5 pages

    Evolition 12

    Uploaded by

    Mamila Tad
    The document discusses the differences between anagenesis and cladogenesis, which are two types of evolutionary mechanisms. Anagenesis involves phyletic evolution within a single species where the gene pool transforms, while cladogenesis involves branching evolution where the ancestral species splits into multiple new species, each with their own distinct gene pools. The document also defines and describes the key components and construction of cladograms, which are graphical representations of hypothesized phylogenetic relationships between organisms based on analyses of their morphological or molecular characters.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Table 1.

    The Difference Between Anagenesis and Cladogenesis

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    1.3 Summery of Anagenesis Vs Cladogenesis
    Evolution is a process in which change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations
    occurs over successive generations. Anagenesis and cladogenesis are two types of such
    mechanisms. The key difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis is that anagenesis is a
    process that undergoes phyletic evolution within a single species of organism. Cladogenesis is a
    type of branching evolution that splits the ancestral species into several new species. In
    anagenesis, a single gene pool transforms into another gene pool. However, in cladogenesis, a
    single gene pool splits into different gene pools.

    2. Definition of Cladogram

    A cladogram is the graphical representation of the hypothetical relationship (phylogenetic


    relationship) between different groups of organisms. It is used in the phylogenetic analysis of
    organisms to determine the evolutionary relationship between them.

    The cladogram is derived from Greek words clados and gramma where ‘clados’ means branch
    and ‘gramma’ means characters. It is an unscaled representation of a phylogenetic analysis where
    only the topography of the diagram matters. However, it doesn’t have any time axis and is
    instead a simple diagram that summarises a pattern of characters among different organisms.
    Although a cladogram includes hypothetical ancestors to derive a relationship, it is the starting
    point for further analysis.
    3.1 Features of a cladogram

     The trees that result from the cladistic analysis are relative statements of relationship and do
    not indicate ancestors or descendants. E.g., it hypothesizes that Birds and Mammals are related
    but not that Mammals evolved from Birds or that Birds evolved from Mammals.
     In a cladogram, branch lengths are not proportional to the number of evolutionary changes and
    thus have no phylogenetic meaning.
     The external taxa of a cladogram line up neatly in a row or a column.
     Cladograms are generated by the analysis of morphological characters of the organisms and
    DNA or RNA sequencing data. Recently, however, computational phylogenetics is also used in
    the combination of the existing characters for the generation of cladograms.
     Cladograms are the assumptions for the preparation of phylogenetic trees.

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     Even though cladograms are of different shapes, they all consist of lines that branch off of
    other lines representing the hypothetical ancestors of different organisms.

    Figure 3, Parts of a Cladogram

    A cladogram is a diagram consisting of the following parts:

    Figure 4 Source: BioNinja

    3
    3.1.1 Root
     A root is the initial common ancestors of all the organisms in a cladogram.
     A root is the starting point for any given cladogram. However, the root might also indicate that
    it comes from some other larger clades.
    3.1.2 Nodes

     Each node is a hypothetical ancestor that gives rise to two or more daughter taxa.
     Nodes indicate the bifurcating branch point of divergence in all cladograms.
     Thus, a node exists in each point where a group of organisms divides or separate into further
    different groups.
    3.1.3 Clades

     Clades are groups of organisms or genes that include the most recent common ancestor of all
    of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor.
     A clade is made up of an ancestor and all its descendants.
     It includes a particular node and all of its connected branches.
    3.1.4 Taxon / Outgroup

     A taxon or an outgroup is the most distantly related group of animals that isn’t necessarily a
    clade. This functions as a point of reference or comparison for the rest of the cladogram.
    3.1.5 Branches

     A branch in a cladogram is a line that connects all the other parts of the cladogram.
     The branch length in some cases represents the extent of divergence or the extent of the
    relationship among different taxa.
    3.2 Constructing Cladograms
    How to make a cladogram?
    Cladograms can be constructed based on either a comparison of morphological (structural)
    features or molecular evidence. Historically, structural features were used to construct
    cladograms, but molecular evidence is now more commonly used.
     As discussed, cladograms can be generated either based on the morphological characteristics or
    molecular evidence like DNA, RNA or protein sequencing.
     Therefore, on the basis of the characters used in the cladograms, these can be made in two
    different ways:
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