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    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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    Nadane Aldover
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that convert energy into forms cells can use. Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose through cellular respiration, while chloroplasts generate ATP and carbohydrates from sunlight through photosynthesis. Both have double membranes and internal DNA, and divide through binary fission like bacteria. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that became permanent residents within eukaryotic cells.

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    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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    Nadane Aldover
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    Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that convert energy into forms cells can use. Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose through cellular respiration, while chloroplasts generate ATP and carbohydrates from sunlight through photosynthesis. Both have double membranes and internal DNA, and divide through binary fission like bacteria. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that became permanent residents within eukaryotic cells.

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    Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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    Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that convert energy into forms cells can use. Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose through cellular respiration, while chloroplasts generate ATP and carbohydrates from sunlight through photosynthesis. Both have double membranes and internal DNA, and divide through binary fission like bacteria. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that became permanent residents within eukaryotic cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    248 views19 pages

    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

    Uploaded by

    Nadane Aldover
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that convert energy into forms cells can use. Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose through cellular respiration, while chloroplasts generate ATP and carbohydrates from sunlight through photosynthesis. Both have double membranes and internal DNA, and divide through binary fission like bacteria. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that became permanent residents within eukaryotic cells.

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    The key takeaways are that mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that convert energy into forms cells can use. Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose through cellular respiration while chloroplasts generate ATP and carbohydrates from sunlight through photosynthesis.

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that convert energy into forms cells can use. Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose through cellular respiration. Chloroplasts generate ATP and carbohydrates from sunlight through photosynthesis.

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have double membranes, generate ATP, are semi-autonomous, and have their own DNA, ribosomes and enzymes. However, mitochondria are found in animal and plant cells and generate ATP through cellular respiration of glucose, while chloroplasts are only found in plant cells and generate ATP and carbohydrates through photosynthesis using sunlight.

    The Cell:

    Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Overview
     Mitochondria & chloroplasts are the
    organelles that convert energy to forms
    that cells can use for work
     mitochondria:
    from glucose to ATP ATP
     chloroplasts:

    from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates


     ATP = active energy
     carbohydrates = stored energy

    ATP +
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
     Important to see the similarities
     transform energy
     generate ATP
     double membranes = 2 membranes
     semi-autonomous organelles

     move, change shape, divide


     internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Mitochondria
     Function
     cellular respiration
     generate ATP

     from breakdown of sugars, fats


    & other fuels
     in the presence of oxygen
     break down larger molecules into smaller to
    generate energy = catabolism
     generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic
    respiration

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Mitochondria
     Structure
     2 membranes
     smooth outer membrane
     highly folded inner membrane
     the cristae
     fluid-filled space between 2
    membranes
     internal fluid-filled space
     mitochondrial matrix
     DNA, ribosomes & enzymes

    Why 2 membranes?
    increase surface area for membrane-
    bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Mitochondria

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Membrane-bound Enzymes

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Mitochondria
     Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
     there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or
    100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria
     number of mitochondria is correlated with
    aerobic metabolic activity
     more activity = more energy
    needed = more mitochondria

    What cells would


    have a lot of
    mitochondria?
    active cells:
    • muscle cells
    • nerve cells
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Chloroplasts
     Chloroplasts are plant organelles
     class of plant structures = plastids
     amyloplasts
     store starch in roots & tubers
     chromoplasts
     store pigments for fruits & flowers
     chloroplasts
     store chlorophyll & function
    in photosynthesis
     in leaves, other green
    structures of plants &
    in eukaryotic algae

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Chloroplasts
     Structure
     2 membranes
     outer membrane
     inner membrane
     internal fluid-filled space =
    stroma
     DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
     thylakoids = membranous sacs where ATP is made
     grana = stacks of thylakoids

    Why internal sac membranes?


    increase surface area for
    membrane-bound enzymes
    that synthesize ATP
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Membrane-bound Enzymes

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Chloroplasts
     Function
     photosynthesis
     generate ATP & synthesize sugars

     transform solar energy into chemical energy


     produce sugars from CO2 & H2O
     Semi-autonomous
     moving, changing shape & dividing
     can reproduce by pinching in two

    Who else divides


    like that?
    AP Biology bacteria! 2005-2006
    Chloroplasts
    Why are chloroplasts green?

    AP Biology 2005-2006
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different
     Organelles not part of endomembrane system
     Grow & reproduce
     semi-autonomous organelles
     Proteins primarily from free ribosomes in
    cytosol & a few from their own ribosomes
     Own circular chromosome
     directs synthesis of proteins produced by own
    internal ribosomes

    Who else has a circular chromosome no


    bound within a nucleus?
    bacteria
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    1981 | ??
    Endosymbiosis theory
     Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once
    free living bacteria
     engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
     Endosymbiont
     cell that lives within another cell (host)
     as a partnership
     evolutionary advantage
    for both
     one supplies energy
     the other supplies raw materials
    & protection
    AP Biology 2005-2006
    Any Questions??

    AP Biology 2005-2006

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