Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

AP BIOLOGY – PARADE THROUGH THE KINGDOMS-

KEY
Complete the questions using the chapters of your textbook Campbell’s Biology (6th
Edition).

CHAPTER 27 – Prokaryotes & The Origin of Metabolic Diversity

PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.

1. How common are prokaryotes on earth?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Their collective biological mass is at least 10 times that of all eukaryotes. They are the
dominant species.
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. How do bacterial cell walls differ from plant cell walls?

Differ in molecular composition and construction. Most have cell walls of peptidoglycan.
_____________________________________________________________________________
This molecular fabric encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other molecules that
extend from its surface. Archaean cell walls contain a variety of polysaccharides and
_____________________________________________________________________________
proteins, but lack peptidoglycan.

3. How does the cell wall aid in classifying the bacteria?

Using the gram staining methed we can classify bacteria into 2 groups. Gram + are
_____________________________________________________________________________
bacteria with simpler walls and with large amounts of peptidoglycan. Gram – are bacteria
with less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with outer membranes that
_____________________________________________________________________________
contain lipopolysaccharides.
4. List the methods bacteria use to locomote.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Flagella (most common); Chemostaxis (movement in response to stimulus)

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. Give an example if a stimulus and describe how bacteria react to that stimulus (taxis).

_____________________________________________________________________________
Movement toward nutrients/oxygen (positive chemotaxis); away from a toxic substance
(negative chemotaxis).
_____________________________________________________________________________

6. How do bacteria typically reproduce?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Binary fission. The prokaryote replicates its genetic material and then simply divides
into 2 equal cells. These in turn do the same thing (4, 8, 16, and so on).

1
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. List three methods that can modify bacteria genetically.

a. transformation
a. _______________________________________________________________________
b. conjugation
c. transduction
b. _______________________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________________________

8. Identify and briefly define the four nutritional categories of bacteria.

d. _______________________________________________________________________
d. Photoautotrophs – photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the
synthesis of organic compounds from CO2.
e. _______________________________________________________________________
e. Chemoautotrophs – need only CO2 as a carbon source. Instead of using light for energy, they
oxidize inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide (H S), ammonia (NH ), or ferrous ions (Fe2+).
f. _______________________________________________________________________
2 3

f. Photoheterotrophs – use light for energy but must obtain their carbon in organic form.
g. _______________________________________________________________________
g. Chemoheterotrophs – consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.

9. How has molecular systematics lead to classifying prokaryotes into two domains?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Using small subunit ribosomal RNA as a marker for evolutionary relationships, Carol
Woese and his colleagues concluded that many prokaryotes once classified as
_____________________________________________________________________________
bacteria are actually more closely related to eukaryotes and belong in a domain of
their own. The domain Archaea was developed for these special prokaryotes.
_____________________________________________________________________________

10. What is the ecological significance of prokaryotes?

Decomposers – convert inorganic compounds into forms that can be taken up by

_____________________________________________________________________________
other organisms.
Nitrogen fixation, O2 production and symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes
_____________________________________________________________________________
(mutualism  intestines, etc.)
_____________________________________________________________________________

2
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 2. Directions: Using Table

27.2 on page 512 and the information
in the text, outline the key
characteristics that distinguish the
three domains. Include examples of
organisms in each domain.

DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

CHAPTER 28 – The Origins of Eukayotic Diversity

DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Nuclear envelope absent
Membrane enclosed organelles absent
Peptidoglycan in cell walls Alpha
Unbranched hydrocarbons in Beta
membrane lipids Gamma
1 kind of RNA polymerase Delta
Epsilon
Bacteria Formylmethionine for intiator of amino
Chlamydias
acids
in protein synthesis Spirochetes
Introns rare Cyanobacteria
Antibiotics inhibit growth Gram-positive
Circular chromosome bacteria

Nuclear envelope absent

Membrane enclosed organelles absent
Some branched hydrocarbons in
membrane
lipids Korarchaeotes
Several kinds of RNA polymerase Euryarchaeotes
Archaea Methionine initiator amino acid for Crenarchaeotes
protein Nanoarchaeotes
synthesis
Introns present in some genes
Antibiotics do not inhibit growth
Have histones & circular chromosom

Nuclear envelope present

Membrane bound organelles
Unbranched hydrocarbons in
membrane lipids
Eukaryotes
Several kinds of RNA
Eukarya (plants, animals,
polymerase
protists, fungi)
Methionine intiator amino acid
for protein synthesis 3
Antibiotics do not inhibit growth
Histones present
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.

11. Why are Protists said to be the most diverse of all eukaryotes?

They inhibit more structural & functional diversity than any other group of organisms.
_____________________________________________________________________________
They are the most nutritionally diverse. Their habitats are diverse.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. What process is thought to be involved in the genesis of eukaryotes from

prokaryotes?
Endosymbiosis

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

13. Define serial endosymbiosis?

_____________________________________________________________________________
A process in which certain unicellular organisms engulfed other cells, which become
endosymbionts & ultimately organelles in the host cell.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

14. Why do most systematists currently working on eukaryotic relationships consider

Kingdom
Protista and the five kingdom system obsolete?
_____________________________________________________________________________
The Kingdom Protista is polyphyletic including members derived from 2 or more
ancestral forms not common to all members & thus do not reflect phylogeny. Among
_____________________________________________________________________________
several alternate classifications, a popular 8-kingdom system recognizes 3 protist
kingdoms (Archaezoa, Protista & Chromista) in place of the single kingdom Protista.
_____________________________________________________________________________
However, the less inclusive version of the Kingdom Protista is still polyphyletic.
Using nucleic acid sequencing, systematics has begun sorting out monophyletic
_____________________________________________________________________________
groups.

4
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 2. Directions: Using Figure 28.8 on page 554 and the information in the text,
outline the
key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Domain Eukarya
identified on
the diagram.

4 6

5
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

BRANCH POINT CHARACTERISTICS

1. Autotroph /
Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain organic food
Heterotrop
molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
h&
Saprobes/bacteria absorb nutrients from non-living organic
Decompose
material (decomposers). Autotrophs can make their own
rs
food using light or chemical energy.

2. Flagella /
Flagella are long cellular appendage specialized for
No Flagella
locomotion.

3. Crystal rods
in flagella / Euglenozoa have the presence of a spiral or cystal rod of
No rods unknown function inside their flagella. Other protest
members do not have these rod structures.

4. Symbiosis Organisms such as lichens developed symbiotic relationships

with fungi with fungi in order to survive. Other developed specialized
adaptations for independent survival.

5. Live in
shallow Some organisms require water for growth and reproduction,
water / live especially those lacking vascular tissue. Other developed
on land vascular tissue in order to survive on land.

6. Decompose
r/ Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain organic food
Heterotrop molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
hic Saprobes/fungi absorb nutrients from non-living organic
consumer material (decomposers).

6
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

CHAPTER 31 - FUNGI

PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.

15. How do fungi acquire nutrients?

They are heterotrophs; they digest their food while it’s still in the environment by
_____________________________________________________________________________
secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes, (exoenzymes) into their surroundings. They
absorb their nutrients.
_____________________________________________________________________________

16. Because of this mode of nutrition, fungi have evolved what structure to provide for
both
extensive surface area and rapid growth?
Hyphae that form an interwoven mass called mycelium.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

17. How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants?
Made of chitin, a strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that is also
_____________________________________________________________________________
found in external skeletons of insects/arthropods.
_____________________________________________________________________________

18. How do fungi contribute to an ecosystem?

Decomposers are responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the inorganic
_____________________________________________________________________________
nutrients essential for plant growth. Some form symbiotic relationships with
photosynthesizers.
_____________________________________________________________________________

19. Give some examples of how fungi are important to humans.

Mycorrhizae = agriculture  provides essential nutrients to plants.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Digestion = helps breakdown plant material in rumenants (eg. cattle).

Food Source = mushrooms and beverages such as beer and wine (yeast).
7
Medical value = used for reducing high blood pressure, stop maternal bleeding,
production of antibiotics (penicillium), used in molecular and biotechnology research.
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

PART 2. Directions: Using Figure 31.4 on page

619 and the information in the text, outline the
key characteristics of each branch of the
Kingdom Fungi identified on the diagram.
Include several examples of organisms in each
division.

DIVISION CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

Saprobes & Parasites; cell walls
of chitin, share key enzymes and
metabolic pathways with other
Chytridium (fruiting
Chytrids fungal groups; form colonies
w/hyphae or exists as spherical spores)
cells. Have flagellated spores
(zoospores)

Live as parasites or symbionts

with animals. Mostly terrestrial Fast growing molds,
Zygomycetes & live in soil on decaying Rhizopus stolonifer (black
plant/animal material. Form bread mold), pilobolus.
mycorrhizae

Sac fungi. Range in size &

variety. Saprobes, plant
parasites, have symbiotic
Morals, carbon fungus,
Ascomycetes relationships with algae
(lichens). Produce sexual truffles.
spores (asci). Have more
extensive dikaryotic stage.

8
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

Club fungus.
Decomposers of wood and
Mushrooms, shelf fungi,
Basidiomycetes other plant material.
puffballs, rusts & smuts.
Mutualists & plant
parasites.

CHAPTER 32 – INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL EVOLUTION

PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.

20. Outline the major characteristics Campbell uses to define an animal.

Nutritional mode, cell structure & specialization, reproduction & development.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

21. List an hypothesis for the origin of animals.

Most systematics now agree that all animal lineages are monophyletic; that is, we can
_____________________________________________________________________________
trace all lineages back to a single common ancestor. The ancestor was probably a
flagellated protest; which was probably related to choanoflagellates.
_____________________________________________________________________________

22. Describe the two forms of symmetry of the Eumetazoa.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Bilateral which characterizes a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides
the body into two equal but opposite halves.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Radial characterizes a body shape like a pie, with many equal parts radiating outward
_____________________________________________________________________________
like the spokes of a wheel.

23. What is the significance of cephalization as an evolutionary trend?

A trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior region. The
_____________________________________________________________________________
end of a traveling animal that is usually first to encounter food, danger, and other
stimuli. Also development of the central nervous system. Adaptation for movement
_____________________________________________________________________________
on land.
24. How do the germ layers of Radiata and the other Eumetazoa differ?

They are diploblastic (having 2 germ layers). All other eumetazoa; the bilateria, are
_____________________________________________________________________________
triploblastic having 3 germs layers.
_____________________________________________________________________________

9
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

25. Define the following terms and describe their significance in classifying animals.

a. Acoelomates
a. Acoelomates lack a coelom.
____________________________________________________________

b. Pseudocoelomates have a fully functional body cavity formed from the blastocoel,
__________________________________________________________________________
rather than from the mesoderm.
b. Pseudocoelomates _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. Coelomates possess a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined with tissue
c. Coelomates ____________________________________________________________
derived from mesoderm.
__________________________________________________________________________
d. Protostomes development begins with spiral, determinate cleavage. The coelom
forms from splits in the mesoderm. The mouth forms in the blastopore.
d. Protostomes ____________________________________________________________
e. Deuterostomes development is characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage.
__________________________________________________________________________
The coelom forms from mesodermal outpockets of the archenteron. The mouth
forms from a secondary opening. The anus develops from the blastopore.
e. Deuterostomes __________________________________________________________
f. Spiral, determinant cleavage – the planes of cell division are diagonal to the
__________________________________________________________________________
vertical axis of the embryo. Determines developmental fate of embryonic cells
early on.
f. spiral, determinate cleavage _______________________________________________
g. Radial, indeterminate cleavage – cleavage planes are either parallel or
__________________________________________________________________________
perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg. Each cell contains the capacity to
develop into a complete embryo.
g. radial, indeterminate cleavage ______________________________________________
h. Blastopore – the indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the
__________________________________________________________________________
archenteron.

h. blastopore ______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

26. List a number of the major differences between the Protostomes and Deuterostomes.
Protostomes - development begins with spiral, determinate cleavage. The coelom
_____________________________________________________________________________ blastocoel
forms from splitscleavage
in the mesoderm. The cleavage
mouth forms from the blastopore.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Deuterostomes – development is characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage. The
ceolom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron. The anus forms
_____________________________________________________________________________
from the blastopore. 8 cell stage blastula
zygote Cross section of
27. Label the stages of early embryonic development of animal. blastula
blastocoel endoderm

ectoderm

10
blastopore
gastrula
gastrulation
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 2. Directions: Using Figure 32.4 on page 636 and the information in the text,
outline the
key characteristics of each branch of the Kingdom Animalia identified on the
diagram. Use
definitions from Question 25 to supply the details in your chart. Include examples of
organisms
in each division.

11
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

DIVISION CHARACTERISITICS EXAMPLE

12
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

Simple; sessile animals that lack true tissues. They live as

1. Porifera suspension feeders; trapping particles that pass through sponges
the internal channels of their bodies.

Share a distinctive body pattern that includes a

2. Cnidaria gastrovascular cavity with a single opening that serves as Corals, jellyfish & hydras
both mouth and anus.

Diploblastic. Possess eight “combs” of cilia that propel

3. Ctenophora the animals through the water. They also have a unique Comb jellies
method for catching prey.

Bilateral symmetry & central nervous systemthat process

Flatworms (tapeworms,
4. Platyhelminthes information from eyes and other sensory structures. They
planarians & flukes)
have no body cavity or organs for circulation.

Specialized organ systems, including an alimentary canal

5. Rotifers (digestive tract). They feed on microorganisms suspended Rotifers
in water.

Enormously abundant & diverse in the soil and aquatic

habitats; many species parasitize plants & animals. They
6. Nematoda Roundworms
have a tough cuticle that coats their body and protects
them from their host.

Swim through water and burrow through sand, extending a

Proboscis worms, ribbon
7. Nemertea unique proboscis to capture prey. They lack a true
worms
coelom, but have an alimentary canal.

DIVISION CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

13
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

Soft bodied; often posses a hard, calcified shell secreted Snails, slugs, clams, squid,
8. Mollusca by the mantle; muscular foot; digestive system with two octopus, chambered
openings and coelomates. nautilus, cuttlefish

Body composed of segments separated by internal Segmented worms,

9. Annelida partitions; digestive system has two openings; coelomate; earthworms, sandworms,
closed circulatory system. leeches

Exoskeleton of chitin; jointed appendages; segmented Ticks, spiders, scorpions,

bodies; many undergo metamorphosis during centipedes, millipedes,
10. Arthropoda
development; open circulatory system; largest animal insects, crab, shrimp, pill
phylum. bug, barnacle, lobster

Coelom from cell masses (protostomes). Body cavity

11. Bryozoan enclosed by mesoderm (coelomate). Bilateral symmetry Hydrozoans
and triploblastic. Eumetazoa.

Live in tunnels in the sea floor, extending tentacles out of

12. Phoronida Marine worms
the tunnel opening to trap food particles.

Superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled

mollusks, but the two halves of the brachiopod shell are
13. Brachiopoda Lamp shells
dorsal and ventral rather than lateral. Live attached to the
seafloor by stalk.

Live in salt water; larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults Sand dollars, sea stars,
typically have radial symmetry; endoskeleton; tube feet; feather stars, brittle stars,
14. Echinodermata
water vascular system used in respiration, excretion, sea cucumbers and sea
feeding and locomotion; deuterostomes urchins

Tunicates, lancelets,
Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches,
15. Chordata hagfish, fish, amphibians,
and a muscular tail during at least part of development.
reptiles, birds, & mammals

CHAPTER 33 - INVERTEBRATES

14
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.

28. How does the structure of a sponge relate to its method of nutrition?
They capture food particles suspended in the water that pass through their bodies, which
_____________________________________________________________________________
typically resembles a sac perforated with pores. Water is drawn through the pores into a
central cavity, the spongocoel, and then flows out the sponge through a large opening
_____________________________________________________________________________
called the osculum,
29. What is a unique characteristic common to the Cnidarians?

They exhibit a relatively simple, diploblastic, radial body plan. Their body plan is sac like
_____________________________________________________________________________
with a central digestive compartment, with a gastrovascular cavity and it has a single
opening.
_____________________________________________________________________________

30. What are the two forms of shape within the Cnidarians?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Polyp & Medusa

_____________________________________________________________________________

31. What are some evolutionary advancements we see in the Platyhelminthes?

Structurally more complex. The 3rd embryonic layer, the mesoderm, contributes to the
_____________________________________________________________________________
development of more complex organs & organs systems, including true muscle tissues.
_____________________________________________________________________________

32. In what way are Platyhelminthes significant to humans?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Structure & function of ecosystems; parasites to humans.

_____________________________________________________________________________

33. Define parthenogenesis.

Some species consist only of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

34. What is unique in the structure and function of the Pseudocoelomates?

_____________________________________________________________________________
They have a gastrovascular cavity with an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a
separate mouth and anus. Internal organs lie within the pseudocoelom.
_____________________________________________________________________________

35. List ways in which Nematodes impact humans.

They play an important role in the decomposition and recycling of nutrients. Research
specimens (aging in humans). Also include agricultureal pests that attack roots of plants. 15
Parasites to humans (hookworms & pinworms)
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

36. List common examples that could be classified as Coelomate Protostomes.

Mollusks, Annelids, & Arthropods

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

37. What are the three major body regions of a Mollusk?

Muscular foot, a visceral mass, & a mantle

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

38. Why do zoologists debate the relationship of Mollusks and Annelids?

_____________________________________________________________________________
The life cycle of many marine mollusks includes a ciliated larvae called the trochophore,
also characteristic of marine annelids and other protostomes. But mollusks lack the one
trait that most defines an annelid heritage – true segmentation.
_____________________________________________________________________________

39. What is the evolutionary significance of the coelom as seen in the Annelids?

_____________________________________________________________________________
The muscles work against the noncompressible coelomic fluid, a hydrostatic skeleton.
The muscles can alter the shape of each segment individually because the coelom is
_____________________________________________________________________________
divided into separate compartments.

40. What is the importance of segmentation?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Each segment of a polychaete has a pair of paddle-like or ridge-like structures called
parapodia (setae) that function in locomotion. Each segment has its own set of nephridia,
_____________________________________________________________________________
which are kidney-like structures.

41. Why are the Arthropoda regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla?

_____________________________________________________________________________
On the criteria of species diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers, arthropods must be
regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla.
_____________________________________________________________________________

42. Identify a characteristic that was most significant to Arthropod success.

Segmentation, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages.

16
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

43. List common examples that could be classified as Coelomate Deuterostomes.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Echindermata & Chordates

_____________________________________________________________________________

44. What traits are particularly unique to the Echinoderms?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Water vascular system & tube feet.

_____________________________________________________________________________

PART 2. Directions: Using Table 32.4 on page 636 and Table 33.7 on page 675 and the

17
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

information in the text, label the phylogenetic diagram of animals with significant characteristics
that distinguish major branches.

CHAPTER 34 – VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION & DIVERSITY

18
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.

45. What are the four characteristics of the Chordates?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits and a muscular, post anal tail.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

46. List and describe an example of an invertebrate chordate.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Tunicates favor chordates as larvae. As adults the tail and notochord are reabsorbed.
Lancelets as larvae develop a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and a
_____________________________________________________________________________
post anal tail. As adults they retain all four characteristics of chordates.

47. Define paedogenesis.

The precocious development of sexual maturity in a larva. Common among groups of

_____________________________________________________________________________
salamanders. An example is the mudpuppy which retains gills and other larval features
when sexually mature.
_____________________________________________________________________________

48. What characterizes the subphylum Vertebrata?

_____________________________________________________________________________
They are craniates (having a more complex nervous sytem) with a backbone (more
complex skeletal system).
_____________________________________________________________________________

49. In the evolution of vertebrates, identify the significance of being tetrapod?

In place of pectoral & pelvic fins, they have limbs that can support their weight on land &
_____________________________________________________________________________
feet with digits that allow them to transfer muscle-genreated forces to the ground when
they walk.
_____________________________________________________________________________

50. Identify the significance of the amniotic egg and the amniote?

Amniotic egg contains specialized membranes that protect the embryo. The shell around
_____________________________________________________________________________
the egg slows dehydration. Amniotes also have skin that’s less permeable and the ability
to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs.
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

19
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

PART 2. Directions: Using Table 34.7 on page 684 and the information in the text,
outline the
key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the subphylum
Vertebrata
identified on the diagram. Include examples of organisms in each class.

1 2 8
7

3 4
6

20
Name __________________________________ Period _________ Date___________

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

Larvae filter feeders; adults parasites whose circular mouth

1. Cephalaspidomorphi is lined with rasping toothlike structures; many live in both Lampreys
salt water and fresh water during the course of their lives.

Have jaws, fins and endoskeleton of cartilage; most live in

salt water; typically several gill slits; tough small scales with Sharks, skates, rays,
2. Chondrichthyes
spines; ectothermic; two-chambered heart; male possess chimaera, sawfish
structures for internal fertilization.

Bony endoskeleton; aquatic; ectothermic; well-developed

Salmon, perch, bass,
respiratory system, usually involving gills; possess swim
sturgeon, tuna,
3. Osteichthyes bladder; paired fins; divided into two groups – ray-finned
goldfish, eel, marlin,
fishes, which include most living species, and lobe-finned
catfish
fishes, which include the lungfish and coeloacanth.

Endothermic; subcutaneous fat; hair; most viviparous;

Monotremes,
suckle young with milk produced from mammary glands;
4. Mammalia marsupials, and
four-chambered heart; most have four legs; use lungs for
eutherians
respiration.

Have amniotic egg (shelled and water retaining egg).

Functions as a “self-contained pond” that enables Birds, reptiles, &
5. Amniotes
vertebrates to complete their life cycles on land. Mammals mammals
also retain key features.

Adapted to fully terrestrial life, some live in water; dry, scale- Lizards, snakes,
covered skin; ectothermic; most have three-chambered tuataras, turtles,
6. Reptilia
hearts; internal fertilization; amniotic eggs typically laid on tortoises, &
land; extinct forms include dinosaurs and flying reptiles. crocodilians

Lizards, snakes,
Cladistic analysis provides strong evidence that birds are the tuataras, turtles,
7. Diapsids closest living relatives of extinct dinosaurs. Class reptilian tortoises, crocodilians
does not have feathers that distinguish birds. & dinosaurs that took
to the air

Endothermic, feathered over much of body surface; scales o Owl, eagle, duck,
legs and feet; bones hollow and light-weight in flying chicken, pigeon,
8. Aves
species; four-chambered heart; well-developed lungs and air penguin, sparrow,
sacs for efficient air exchange. stork, ostrich

21