This document provides an overview of various chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemical reactions such as exothermic, endothermic, and isothermic processes.
2. Collision theory which states that for a chemical reaction to occur, molecules must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.
3. Factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions including surface area, concentration, and temperature.
4. Acid-base theories including Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases.
This document provides an overview of various chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemical reactions such as exothermic, endothermic, and isothermic processes.
2. Collision theory which states that for a chemical reaction to occur, molecules must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.
3. Factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions including surface area, concentration, and temperature.
4. Acid-base theories including Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases.
This document provides an overview of various chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemical reactions such as exothermic, endothermic, and isothermic processes.
2. Collision theory which states that for a chemical reaction to occur, molecules must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.
3. Factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions including surface area, concentration, and temperature.
4. Acid-base theories including Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases.
This document provides an overview of various chemistry concepts including:
1. Chemical reactions such as exothermic, endothermic, and isothermic processes.
2. Collision theory which states that for a chemical reaction to occur, molecules must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.
3. Factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions including surface area, concentration, and temperature.
4. Acid-base theories including Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions of acids and bases.
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CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL REACTIONS Review • Heat of reaction – heat absorbed or evolved by a process • Exothermic reaction - negative heat of reaction; heat is given off; spontaneous • Endothermic reaction – positive heat of reaction; heat is absorbed; non spontaneous • Isothermic process – change in a system at constant temperature • Specific heat – heat capacity of one gram of substance; heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 C CHEMICAL REACTIONS Review • System – singled out portion for the study • Surrounding – everything outside the system • Natural or spontaneous reaction – reaction proceeds on its own; occurs without outside assistance (rusting, mixing of gas) COLLISION THEORY For a chemical reaction to occur: • molecules must collide • must have sufficient energy • must be properly oriented FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS • Surface area • Concentration • Temperature • absolute zero • Presence of catalyst ACIDS AND BASES Properties
Acid – sour taste, blue litmus to red, pH 0 to 7
Base – bitter taste, red litmus to blue, pH 7 to 14 ACIDS AND BASES • Arrhenius • Acid-H containing (HCl) • Base-OH containing (NaOH) • Bronsted-Lowry • Acid-proton donor • Base-proton acceptor • Lewis • Acid-electron pair acceptor • Base-electron pair donor ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • study of all factors pertaining to carbon-containing compounds or organic compounds • organic compounds - carbon with hydrogen, nitrogen and/ or sulfur • inorganic compounds- compounds that generally do not have any carbon • hydrocarbons - groups of organic compounds that contain only the elements of carbon and hydrogen • nomenclature - system of naming compounds • functional group- specific groups of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for the characteristic chemical behavior on a molecule PROPERTIES CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY • radioactivity- spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus • nuclei • divide (nuclear fission) - bombarding a large isotope with a neutron; collision causes the larger isotope to break apart into two or more elements • combine (nuclear fusion)- lighter nuclei are fused into a heavier nucleus in a fusion • alpha decay- emits an alpha particle (defined as a positively charged particle of a helium nucleus) NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY • beta decay- a neutron in the nucleus is converted (decayed) into a proton and an electron, and the electron is emitted from the nucleus as a beta particle. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY • gamma radiation- emits photons, no mass change is associated with gamma emission
• positron emission- positron is an electron that has a positive charge;
formed when a proton in the nucleus decays into a neutron and a positively charged electron NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY • electron capture - rare type of nuclear decay in which the nucleus captures an electron from the innermost energy level. This electron combines with a proton to form a neutron • half-life - the time required for one of the reactant to be consumed such as radioactive decay HALF LIFE Steps in Determining half life 1. Divide the amount of time that’s passed by the length of a half-life. 2. Multiply 1/2 by itself, once for each half-life, to find the fraction of the sample that’s left. 3. To get the number of radioactive atoms remaining, multiply the fraction from Step 2 by the number of atoms you started with. HALF LIFE • ln2/k • N(t)=No e^(t/t0.5)
