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    Chapter 2 Inclusion and Identity

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    Reiner
    This document discusses how humans have a fundamental need to belong and seek inclusion in social groups. It explores how inclusion provides benefits like improved well-being and health, while exclusion can be psychologically and physically harmful. The document also examines theories of why inclusion is so important, such as sociometer theory which views self-esteem as an indicator of social acceptance or rejection. Overall, the key idea is that forming social connections and being part of a group has been critical for human survival and well-being.

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    Chapter 2 Inclusion and Identity

    Uploaded by

    Reiner
    77 views15 pages
    This document discusses how humans have a fundamental need to belong and seek inclusion in social groups. It explores how inclusion provides benefits like improved well-being and health, while exclusion can be psychologically and physically harmful. The document also examines theories of why inclusion is so important, such as sociometer theory which views self-esteem as an indicator of social acceptance or rejection. Overall, the key idea is that forming social connections and being part of a group has been critical for human survival and well-being.

    Original Description:

    Group Dynamics Report (1/2)

    Original Title

    (1) Chapter 2 Inclusion and Identity

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    This document discusses how humans have a fundamental need to belong and seek inclusion in social groups. It explores how inclusion provides benefits like improved well-being and health, while exclusion can be psychologically and physically harmful. The document also examines theories of why inclusion is so important, such as sociometer theory which views self-esteem as an indicator of social acceptance or rejection. Overall, the key idea is that forming social connections and being part of a group has been critical for human survival and well-being.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    77 views15 pages

    Chapter 2 Inclusion and Identity

    Uploaded by

    Reiner
    This document discusses how humans have a fundamental need to belong and seek inclusion in social groups. It explores how inclusion provides benefits like improved well-being and health, while exclusion can be psychologically and physically harmful. The document also examines theories of why inclusion is so important, such as sociometer theory which views self-esteem as an indicator of social acceptance or rejection. Overall, the key idea is that forming social connections and being part of a group has been critical for human survival and well-being.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Chapter 3: Inclusion and Identity

    Palmer and Gorman: From


    Individualism to Collectivism

    • “Master problem “ of Social Life


    • Humans consistently seek inclusion in a
    group.
    • Palmer is individualist while Gorman is
    collectivist.
    What is inclusion?

    • Single individual changes from an outside


    into an insider by joining a group.
    From Isolation to Inclusion

    • Animals are social creature.

    • humans beings, "have a pervasive drive to


    form and maintain at least a minimum
    quantity of lasting, positive, and impactful
    interpersonal relationship.

    Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary (1995, p


    497)
    The need to belong

    • Most people spend the majority of their


    waking hours in the company of other
    people.

    • Survey says that 87.3% of Americans


    reported that they lived with other people.
    The need to belong
    People affiliate
    in groups

    Putnam’s “bowling alone”


    hypothesis: affiliation patterns
    are shifting
    Isolations can be rejuvenating, but:

    • Isolated individuals (e.g., stranded


    explorers) report negative effects.
    • Solitary confinement recognized as a
    severe punishments.
    • People seek membership in a variety of
    groups.
    • People build their social capital by creating
    online and face to face relationships.
    Inclusion and The Inclusion/Exclusion Continuum
    exclusion

    Rejection Acceptance

    Maximum Active Passive Passive Active Maximum


    Ambivalence
    Exclusion Exclusion Exclusion Inclusion Inclusion Inclusion

    Group Group avoids Group Group neither Group Group Group


    rejects or person ignores accepts nor allows welcomes actively
    ostracizes person rejects member to member recruits
    person individual join member
    Ostracism

    • Ostracism: Excluding one or more


    individuals from a group by reducing or
    eliminating contact with the person,
    usually by ignoring, shunning or explicitly
    banishing them
    • People need to belong is slaked when
    group accepts them but they are more
    satisfied seeks them out.
    Ostracism

    • People accepted in a group value


    experienced in the group rather than the
    excluded one.
    • People experiencing exclusion may suffer
    psychological and physiological
    deprivation
    Cyberostracism

    • Exclusion in online is called


    Cyberostracism
    Reaction to Exclusion

    • Fight vs. Flight • Tend and be Friend


    Withdrawal and freezing Attention to social cues
    Aggressive, combative Increased motivation
    and orientation Prosocial orientation
    Sociometer Theory

    • Self-esteem is not the evaluation of your


    worth-it is an indicator of how well you are
    accepted into social groups
    • Self esteem monitor acceptance or
    rejection.
    • Self esteem arises if we are included in a
    group
    Inclusions and Survival

    • Evolutionary psychology uses Charles


    Darwin of Natural Selection.
    • Living in a group yielded both cost and
    benefits for early humans

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