Stroke
Stroke
Stroke
KEGAWAT DARURATAN
NEUROLOGI
STROKE
WHO 1995
Stroke is any rapid abnormality of the brain functional,
developing clinical symptoms and sign of focal and at
times global with symptoms lasting more than 24
hours or leading to death which is caused by
cerebrovascular disruption.
ADA APA DENGANMU?
(STROKE)
SUPARJO RUSTAM
SUHARTO
GUS DUR
PEJABAT, KORUPTOR, GURU, PENGUSAHA,
PEGAWAI, BURUH SAMPAI TUKANG BECAK
BAHKAN ANAK-ANAK
• Divided in to :
1. Haemorrhage : incidence 15-30 %, ICH, SAH
2. Ischaemic : incidence 70-85 %
Problems (United State)
Non modifiable
Age
Race
Gender
Family history of stroke.
Risk Factors-2
Modifiable / treatable
Hypertension atrial fibrillation
Diabetes mellitus hyperhomocysteinemia
Hyperlipidemia hypercoagulability
Cigarette smoking oral contraceptive
Infection: chlamydia, helicobacter, viruses.
Prior stroke/TIA carotid stenosis
Physical inactivity, obesity, sleep apnea/
snoring.
Alcohol abuse.
(Stroke, February 2001)
NOMINASI STROKE
Risk Factors for
Atherothrombosis
Hypercoagulable states Life-style (e.g., Hyperlipidemia
smoking, diet, lack
of exercise) Hypertension
Homocysteinemia
Diabetes Infection?
Obesity Age
Atherosclerosis
Genetics Gender
Atherothrombotic Manifestations
(MI, Ischemic Stroke, Vascular Death)
American Heart Association. Heart and Stroke Facts: 1997 Statistical Supplement; Wolf. Stroke
1990;21(suppl 2):II-4–II-6; Laurila et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2910-2913; Grau et al.
9 Stroke 1997;28:1724-1729; Graham et al. JAMA 1997;277:1775-1781; Brigden. Postgrad Med
1997;101(5):249-262.
Major Risk Factors for
Cerebrovascular Atherosclerosis
FACTOR INCREASED RISK
Hypertension X 5-10
Smoking X2
Diabetes X2
Hyperlipidemia X 1,5
Obesity X 1,5
Stroke Prevention
CONTOH MANULA YANG
SELAMAT
Untuk belajar stroke
perlu tahu anatomi
APA SAJA JENIS
STROKE?
OCCLUSION (50%)
Atheromatous/thrombotic
Large vessel occlusion or stenosis
Branch vessel occlusion or stenosis
Perforating vessel occlusion
Non-ateromatous diseases of the vessel wall
Collagen diseases (RA, SLE)
Vasculitis (temporal arteritis)
Granulomaous vasculitis
Miscellaneous (syphilitic, trauma,sarcoidosis)
EMBOLISATION (25%) from
- Atheromatous plaque in the intra or extracranial arteries
- The heart
- Miscellaneous (fat emboli, air emboli, tumour emboli)
DISEASES OF BLOOD (COAGULOPATHIES, HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES)
VENOUS THROMBOSIS
DECREASED CEREBRAL PERFUSION
APA SAJA JENIS
STROKE?
HAEMORRHAGE
Into the brain subtance-parenchymal (15%)
and/or subarachnoid space (5%)
Hypertension
Amyloid vasculopathy
Aneurisma
Arteriovenous malformation
Neoplasm
Coagulation disorder e.g. haemophilia
Anticoagulan therapy
Vasculitis
Drug abuse e.g. cocaine
Trauma
JENIS STROKE
BERDASARKAN WAKTU
TIA (serangan sepintas stroke, kurang
24 jam)
RIND (serangan stroke kurang 3
minggu)
PROGRESSING STROKE (gejala stroke
masih berlangsung)
COMPLET STROKE (stroke yang sudah
menetap)
STROKE HEMORAGIK
STROKE BERDASARKAN PENYEBABNYA
STROKE HEMORAGIK = STROKE PERDARAHAN
PERDARAHAN OTAK
KURANG
DARAH
KECACATAN
PUSAT
KESADARAN
TIDAK SADAR
PUSAT NAFAS
KEMATIAN
PUSAT JANTUNG
STROKE NON
HEMORAGIK
Ischaemic lesion, development
on non-enhanced CT
day 1 2 6 20
50
Physiologic perfusion and
metabolism
2. STROKE NON HEMORAGIK = STROKE SUMBATAN
= SUMBATAN OTAK
KECACATAN
A. SUMBATAN / EMBOLUS
DAERAH
MATI
B. PENEBALAN DINDING
DAERAH PENUMBRA
C. ALIRAN DARAH LAMBAT (DAERAH SETENGAH MATI)
HARUS DISELAMATKAN
D. DARAH KENTAL
FISIOTERAPI
KECACATAN DIKURANGI
SEMAKSIMAL MUNGKIN
Penumbra
Myocardial Angina:
infarction • Stable
• Unstable
Peripheral arterial
disease:
• Intermittent claudication
• Rest Pain
• Gangrene
• Necrosis
Adapted from: Drouet L. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13(suppl 1): 1–6.
Atherogenesis and Atherothrombosis:
A Progressive Process
Plaque
Athero- Rupture/ Myocardial
Fatty Fibrous sclerotic Fissure &
Normal Streak Plaque Plaque Thrombosis Infarction
Ischemic
Stroke
Critical
Leg
Clinically Silent Angina
Ischemia
Transient Ischemic Attack
Claudication/PAD
Cardiovascular Death
Increasing Age
3
ANAMNESIS
ALO ANAMNESIS
AUTOANAMNESIS
KELUHAN UTAMA
ONSET
KWALITAS & KWANTITAS
FAKTOR YANG MEMPERINGAN OR
MEMPERBERAT
KRONOLOGIS
RIWAYAT PENYAKIT DAHULU
SOSEK
Perbedaan Stroke Hemoragik dan
Stroke Infark berdasarkan
anamnesis
Gejala/Simtom Stroke Stroke non
hemoragik hemoragik
Saat onset Sedang aktif Istirahat
Peringatan (warning) - +
Nyeri kepala +++ +
Kejang + -
Muntah + -
Penurunan kesadaran +++ +
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Perbedaan Stroke Hemoragik dan Stroke
Infark berdasarkan tanda-tandanya
Kaku kuduk + -
Tanda Kernig,Brudzinski ++ -
Perbedaan jenis stroke dengan alat bantu
Diagnosis Stroke
- Berdasarkan temuan klinis
- Pemeriksaan Penunjang
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Tujuan : -menegakkan diagnosis
-mencari faktor risiko
-mencari faktor penyulit
LABORATORIUM DARAH
- Rutin
- Hematokrit
- Masa perdarahan dan pembekuan
- Gula Darah I / II
- Kolesterol total, HDL, LDL
- Trigliserid
- Asam urat
- Ureum , Kreatinin
- Elektrolit
- Khusus : - Agregasi trombosit - Homocysteine
- APTT - Fibrinogen
- D-dimer - Protein C dan S
2. LUMBAL PUNGSI
- perdarahan sub arahnoid
3. X- FOTO TORAKS
- besar jantung, penyakit paru
4. EKG
- fibrilasi atrium, iskemik/infark jantung
EKOKARDIOGRAFI
- sumber emboli di jantung dan aorta proksimal
5. NEUROSONOGRAFI (TCD)
- stenosis, vaso spasme
6. ANGIOGRAFI SEREBRAL
- AVM, anuerisma
ALGORITMA STROKE GADJAH MADA
PENDERITA STROKE AKUT
Dengan atau tanpa
PENURUNAN KESADARAN
NYERI KEPALA
REFLEKS BABINSKI
Ketiganya atau 2 dari Ya Stroke perdarahan
ketiganya ada (+) intraserebral
Tidak
Penurunan kesadaran (+) Stroke perdarahan
Nyeri kepala (-) Ya intraserebral
Refleks Babinski (-)
Tidak
Penurunan kesadaran (-) Stroke perdarahan
Nyeri kepala (+) Ya intraserebral
Refleks Babinski (-)
Tidak
Penurunan kesadaran (-) Stroke iskemik akut atau
Nyeri kepala (-) Ya stroke infark
Refleks Babinski (+)
Tidak
Penurunan kesadaran (-) Stroke iskemik akut atau
Nyeri kepala (-) Ya stroke infark
Refleks Babinski (-)
SIRIRAJ STROKE SCORE (SSS)
HASIL SSS
ANAMNESIS
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
GOLD STANDAR PAKAI CT SCAN
BILA TIDAK ADA CT SCAN GUNAKAN
SKORING
DIAGNOSIS STROKE