DC Motor Starting, Braking Aug18

DC Motor Starting, Braking
Starting DC Shunt motor

Starting Characteristics of DC Shunt motor
Adding External Resistance
effect on Starting of DC Shunt motor
Effect of Field resistance on
Starting of DC Shunt motor
Speed Torque curves for
various terminal voltages
DC Series motor
Speed Torque curves
DC Series motor with external resistance
Speed Torque curves
DC Series motor effect of various terminal
voltages on Speed Torque curves
Braking the d.c. motors
When a motor is switched o it `coasts' to rest under the action

of frictional forces.
Braking is employed when rapid stopping is required. In many

cases mechanical braking is adopted. The electric braking
may be done for various reasons such as those mentioned
below:
1. To augment the brake power of the mechanical brakes.
2. To save the life of the mechanical brakes.
3. To regenerate the electrical power and improve the
energy efficiency.
4. In the case of emergencies to stop the machine instantly.
5. To improve the through put in many production process
by reducing the stopping time.
The electric motor can be made to work as a generator by
suitable terminal conditions and absorb mechanical energy.
This converted mechanical power is dissipated / used on the
electrical network suitably. Braking can be broadly classified
into:
1. Dynamic
2. Regenerative
3. Reverse voltage braking or plugging
Dynamic Braking ( Shunt Motor)
• In dynamic braking the motor is disconnected from the
supply and connected to a dynamic braking resistance
RDB.
Series machine
• In the case of a series machine the excitation current becomes zero
as soon as the armature is disconnected from the mains and hence
the induced emf also vanishes.
• In order to achieve dynamic braking the series field must be isolated

and connected to a low voltage high current source to provide the
field. Rather, the motor is made to work like a separately excited
machine.
• When several machines are available at any spot, as in railway

locomotives, dynamic braking is feasible. Series connection of all the
series fields with parallel connection of all the armatures connected
across a single dynamic braking resistor is used in that case.
Regenerative braking
In regenerative braking as the name suggests the energy
recovered from the rotating masses is fed back into the
d.c. power source.
Regenerative braking
Thus this type of braking improves the energy efficiency
of the machine. The armature current can be made to
reverse for a constant voltage operation by increase in
speed / excitation only.
Increase in speed does not result in braking and the

increase in excitation is feasible only over a small range,
which may be of the order of 10 to 15%.
Hence the best method for obtaining the regenerative

braking is to operate, the machine on a variable voltage
supply.
Regenerative braking characteristics of a
separately excited motor
Conditions:
1. E > V and negative Ia
As the voltage is continuously pulled below the value of
the induced emf the speed steadily comes down.
The field current is held constant by means of separate

excitation.
Bidirectional power flow capacity is a must if regenerative

braking is required.
Series motors cannot be regeneratively braked as the

characteristics do not extend to the second quadrant.
Plugging
Initially the machine is connected to the supply with the
switch S in position number 1. If now the switch is moved
to position 2, then a reverse voltage is applied across the
armature.
The induced armature voltage E and supply voltage V aid

each other and a large reverse current flows through the
armature. This produces a large negative torque or
braking torque.
Hence plugging is also termed as reverse voltage

braking. The machine instantly comes to rest. If the
motor is not switched off at this instant the direction of
rotation reverses and the motor starts rotating the
reverse direction.
This type of braking therefore has two modes viz.
1) plug to reverse and

2) plug to stop.
If we need the plugging only for bringing the speed to

zero, then we have to open the switch S at zero
speed.
If nothing is done it is plug to reverse mode. Plugging
is a convenient mode for quick reversal of direction
of rotation in reversible drives.
Just as in starting, during plugging also it is necessary to limit
the current and thus the torque, to reduce the stress on
the mechanical system and the commutator.
This is done by adding additional resistance in series with the

armature during plugging.
Series motors
• In the case of series motors plugging cannot be
employed as the field current too gets reversed when
reverse voltage is applied across the machine.
• This keeps the direction of the torque produced

unchanged.
• This fact is used with advantage, in operating a d.c.

series motor on d.c. or a.c. supply.
• Series motors thus qualify to be called as `Universal

motors'.

DC Motor Starting, Braking Aug18

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DC Motor Starting, Braking Aug18

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DC Motor Starting, Braking

Starting DC Shunt motor

When a motor is switched o it `coasts' to rest under the action

Braking is employed when rapid stopping is required. In many

• In order to achieve dynamic braking the series field must be isolated

• When several machines are available at any spot, as in railway

Increase in speed does not result in braking and the

Hence the best method for obtaining the regenerative

The field current is held constant by means of separate

Bidirectional power flow capacity is a must if regenerative

Series motors cannot be regeneratively braked as the

The induced armature voltage E and supply voltage V aid

Hence plugging is also termed as reverse voltage

1) plug to reverse and

If we need the plugging only for bringing the speed to

This is done by adding additional resistance in series with the

• This keeps the direction of the torque produced

• This fact is used with advantage, in operating a d.c.

• Series motors thus qualify to be called as `Universal

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