Lecture 2

Lecture (2)
Communication Network
 The network is designed to serve as a shared resource for
moving data exchanged between hosts in an efficient manner
and to provide a framework to support new applications and
services.
Communication Network
 Consists of an interconnection of a number of routers made
up of intelligent processors.
 The processors are used to route data through the network.
 Each router has one or more hosts attached to it
 Hosts are devices that communicate with one another.
Routers
Boundary
or Subnet
Hosts
OSI 7 Layer Model
 OSI “Open System Interconnection”
 A list of protocols divided between 7 layers with each layer
having a different set of functions.
 Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform additional
primitive functions. Moreover, each layer offers certain services
to the next higher layer.
The process of layering the protocols around each package is
called encapsulation. The final encapsulated data packet is called
a frame.
Open Systems Interconnection
 OSI Reference model Sender Receiver

 Layer 7 application
 Layer 6 presentation Each
Each file
Packet
The protocols
 Layer 5 session is divided
will
The
Will
encapsulated
be added
intobe
then
 Layer 4 transport Packet
systematically
is called
packets
Encapsulated
File
File The received
aLayer
frame
with
 Layer 3 network By layer frame is then
File
PROTOCOLS unpacked
 Layer 2 data link in the
 Layer 1 physical opposite order
Transmission Medium
Services Performed at Each Layer
 Layer 7 application  Identification, authentication
 Layer 6 presentation  Format conversion
 Layer 5 session  Set-up coordinate conversation
 Layer 4 transport  Ensures error-free transfer
 Layer 3 network  Routing of data through network
 Layer 2 data link  Error control and synchronisation
 Layer 1 physical  Placing signals on the carrier

OSI Network Model
INTERNET
The hosts constitute nodes of the network,
where data originate or where they are delivered.
 The routers constitute intermediate nodes that

are used to cross subnet boundaries.
 Subnet, all the hosts belonging to that subnet

exchange data directly.
LANs Vs WANs
 LAN is “local Area network” which is a network confined to
a small geographic area which is a building or a group of

buildings.
 WAN is “wide area network” which is a network spread over
a large geographic area. The largest WAN is the internet.
 BROADBAND NETWORKS With the ever-increasing
demand for new services (e.g., video on demand, multimedia

communications)
Communication Channels
The transmission of information across a communication

network.
Channels based on guided propagation and include
telephone channels, coaxial cables, and optical fibers.
Channels based on free propagation: includes wireless
broadcast channels, mobile radio channels, and satellite
channels. These channels are described in what follows.
Telephone Channels
Used in end-to-end communication link on a temporary
basis.
 is a bandwidth-limited channel.
 is built using twisted pairs for signal transmission.
The insertion loss of the channel plotted versus frequency;
insertion loss (in dB) is defined as
Coaxial Cable
 Consists of an inner conductor and an outer conductor,

separated by a dielectric insulating material.
Offers a greater degree of immunity to EMI
Higher band-width
 High bit rate
Used as transmission medium for local area networks
Optical Fiber
 Dielectric wave guide, consists of the core and cladding are
both made of pure silica glass,
Enormous potential bandwidth,
Low transmission losses,
Immunity to electromagnetic interference,
Small size and weight,
 Ruggedness and flexibility,
Low-cost
Wireless Broadcast Channels
Wireless broadcast channels support the transmission of

radio and television signals.
Mobile Radio Channel
A mobile radio channel extends the capability of the

public telecommunications network by introducing
mobility into the network by virtue of its ability to
broadcast.
Satellite Channel
Provides broad-area coverage in both a continental and

an intercontinental sense.
Access to remote areas not covered by conventional
cable or fiber broad-area coverage,
Reliable transmission links,
And wide transmission bandwidths.
Modulation Process
The modification of the message signal into
a form suitable for transmission over the
channel.
 The modification is achieved by varying
some parameter of a carrier wave in
accordance with the message signal.
Why Modulation Process?
Increases the range of communication: Low
frequency baseband signals suﬀer from attenuation
and hence cannot be transmitted over long
distances.
 Reduction in antenna size: The antenna height
and aperture is inversely proportional to the
radiated signal frequency.
Facilitates multiple access
Modulation Process
Continuous-Wave Pulse Modulation

Modulation (CW)
FM Analog Digital
AM PM
PCM
PPM
PAM PWM
Efficiency Modulation Process
Allowable transmit power,
Available channel bandwidth,
Affordable cost of building the system.
The information capacity of the channel
C = B log2(1 + SNR) bit/sec

B denote the channel bandwidth, and let SNR denote the
received signal-to-noise ratio.

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Lecture (2)

 OSI Reference model Sender Receiver

 Layer 7 application  Identification, authentication

 Layer 6 presentation  Format conversion

 Layer 5 session  Set-up coordinate conversation

 Layer 4 transport  Ensures error-free transfer

 Layer 3 network  Routing of data through network

 Layer 2 data link  Error control and synchronisation

 Layer 1 physical  Placing signals on the carrier

 The routers constitute intermediate nodes that

 Subnet, all the hosts belonging to that subnet

a small geographic area which is a building or a group of

 WAN is “wide area network” which is a network spread over

a large geographic area. The largest WAN is the internet.

 BROADBAND NETWORKS With the ever-increasing

demand for new services (e.g., video on demand, multimedia

The transmission of information across a communication

 Consists of an inner conductor and an outer conductor,

Wireless broadcast channels support the transmission of

A mobile radio channel extends the capability of the

Provides broad-area coverage in both a continental and

Continuous-Wave Pulse Modulation

C = B log2(1 + SNR) bit/sec

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