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    Lesson 3 - DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS

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    Neo Garcera
    The document discusses the derivative and differentiation of algebraic functions. It defines the derivative as the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a given point. The derivative can be found using the increment method, also called the four-step rule, which involves substituting x + Δx for x, taking the limit as Δx approaches 0, and calculating the slope. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding the derivative using this method for various functions such as y = 1 - x^2 and y = 2x - 1.

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    Lesson 3 - DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS

    Uploaded by

    Neo Garcera
    58 views13 pages
    The document discusses the derivative and differentiation of algebraic functions. It defines the derivative as the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a given point. The derivative can be found using the increment method, also called the four-step rule, which involves substituting x + Δx for x, taking the limit as Δx approaches 0, and calculating the slope. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding the derivative using this method for various functions such as y = 1 - x^2 and y = 2x - 1.

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    The document discusses the derivative and differentiation of algebraic functions. It defines the derivative as the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a given point. The derivative can be found using the increment method, also called the four-step rule, which involves substituting x + Δx for x, taking the limit as Δx approaches 0, and calculating the slope. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding the derivative using this method for various functions such as y = 1 - x^2 and y = 2x - 1.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    58 views13 pages

    Lesson 3 - DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS

    Uploaded by

    Neo Garcera
    The document discusses the derivative and differentiation of algebraic functions. It defines the derivative as the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a given point. The derivative can be found using the increment method, also called the four-step rule, which involves substituting x + Δx for x, taking the limit as Δx approaches 0, and calculating the slope. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding the derivative using this method for various functions such as y = 1 - x^2 and y = 2x - 1.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION

    OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
    Derivative of a Function
    The process of finding the derivative of a
    function is called differentiation and the
    branch of calculus that deals with this
    process is called differential calculus.
    Differentiation is an important mathematical
    tool in physics, mechanics, economics and
    many other disciplines that involve change
    and motion.
    Consider a point Q( x2 , f ( x2 )) on the curve
    y  f (x), that is distinct from P( x1 , f ( x1 )),and
    compute the slope mPQ of the secant line
    through P and Q.

    f ( x2 )  f ( x1 ) where : x  x2  x1
    mPQ 
    x and x2  x1  x

    f ( x1  x)  f ( x1 )
    mPQ 
    x
    If we let x2 approach x1, then the point Q
    will move along the curve and approach
    point P. As point Q approaches P, the value
    of Δx approaches zero and the secant line
    through P and Q approaches a limiting
    position, then we will consider that position
    to be the position of the tangent line at P.
    y
    tangent line

    P( x1 , f ( x1 )) Q( x2 , f ( x2 ))
    secant line

    y y  f (x)

    x  x 2  x1
    x 2  x1  x
    Thus, we make the following definition.
    DEFINITION:
    Suppose that x1 is in the domain of the function
    f, the tangent line to the curve y=f(x) at the point
    P(x1,f(x1)) is the line with equation,
    y  f ( x1 )  m( x  x1 )
    f ( x1  x )  f ( x1 )
    where m  lim provided
    x 0 x
    the limit exists, and P( x1 , f ( x1 )) is the point
    of tangency.
    DEFINITION
    The derivative of y = f(x) at point P on the
    curve is equal to the slope of the tangent line at
    P, thus the derivative of the function f given by
    y= f(x) with respect to x at any x in its domain is
    defined as:
    dy y f ( x  x)  f ( x)
     lim  lim
    dx x 0 x x0 x
    provided the limit exists.
    Other notations for the derivative of a function are:
    d
    D x y, D x f ( x), y ' , f ' , f ' ( x), and f ( x)
    dx
    Note:
    To find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at point
    P means that we are to find the value of the derivative at
    that point P.

    There are two ways of finding the derivative of a function:


    1. By using the increment method or the four-step rule
    2. By using the differentiation formulas
    THE INCREMENT METHOD OR THE FOUR-STEP RULE
    One method of determining the derivative of
    a function is the increment method or more
    commonly known as the four-step rule.
    The procedure is as follows :

    STEP 1: Substitute x + Δx for x and


    y + Δy for y in y = f(x)
    STEP 2: Subtract y = f(x) from the result of
    step 1 to obtain Δy in terms of x
    and Δx
    STEP 3: Divide both sides of step 2 by Δx.

    STEP 4: Find the limit of step 3 as Δx


    approaches 0.
    EXAMPLE
    dy
    1. Find u sin g the four  step rule given y  1  x 2 .
    dx
    a. y  y  1  x  x  y
     lim  2 x  x 
    2
    d . lim
    x 0 x x 0
    b. y  y  y  1  x  x   y
    2
    dy
    2  2 x
    y  1  x  2 xx  x  y
    2
    dx
    y  1  x  2 xx  x  1  x 2 
    2 2

    2
    y  1  x  2 xx  x  1  x 2
    2

    2
    y  2 xx  x

    y x 2 x  x 
    c. 
    x x
    EXAMPLE 2. Find dy u sin g the four  step rule given y  2 x  1
    dx 1  2x
    2( x  x )  1
    a. y  y 
    1  2( x  x )
    2( x  x )  1 2 x  1
    b. y  
    1  2( x  x ) 1  2 x

    y 
    2 x  2x  11  2 x   2 x  11  2 x  2x 
    1  2 x  2x 1  2 x )
    2 x  2x  1  4 x 2  4 xx  2 x  2 x  4 x 2  4 xx  1  2 x  2x
    y 
    1  2 x  2x 1  2 x )
    y 4 x
    c. 
    x x( 1  2 x  2x )( 1  2 x )
    y 4
    d . lim  lim
    x 0 x x 0 ( 1  2 x  2 x )( 1  2 x )

    dy 4
     
    dx ( 1  2 x )2
    EXAMPLE
    dy
    3. Find u sin g the four  step rule given y  x  1 when x  10
    dx
    a. y  y  x  x  1 when x  10,
    dy 1 1 1
    b. y  x  x  1  x  1   
    dx 2 10  1 2( 3 ) 6
    y x  x  1  x  1
    c. 
    x x
    y x  x  1  x  1 x  x  1  x  1
    d. lim  lim 
    x 0 x x 0 x x  x  1  x  1
    x  x  1  x  1
     lim

    x 0 x 
    x  x  1  x  1
    x
     lim

    x 0 x 
    x  x  1  x  1
    y 1
    lim  lim
    x 0 x x 0 x  x  1  x  1
    dy 1
     
    dx 2 x  1

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