Distance Protection For Transmission Lines:: Power Transmission and Distribution

Distance Protection for
transmission lines:
part 2
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Siemens AG 2006
SIPROTEC 4
Distance Protection
for Transmission Lines
Part2
Page 2
TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Method used in 7SA52 and 7SA6 to measure I and V

Using a signal model (Kalman-Filter)
Phasors
V = I Z
V
Z = R + jL
Estimate the phasors V and I using the least squares method (minimised
errors)
yk A sin 0 k TA B cos 0 k TA e
Im
kTA
C cos 0 k TA
yk is the sampled value (v or i) - by assuming

= 60 ms the following simplification results
yk a sin 0 k TA b cos 0 k TA
Page 3
current
voltage
a
b
Re
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors

Principle
U U e jU U e jtU
U tU
I tI
I I e j I I e jt I
Z U I
t 0
Z Z e j Z Z cos Z j sin Z
R jX
U U e jU U j U I U
U
cos
j
sin U I
U
I
j I
I
I e
I
I
I
R
Page 4
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Fast adaptive impedance measurement

Filters with different lengths
E. g. Zone Z1
Estimate 1 (n=5)
Estimate 2 (n=6)
Estimate 3 (n=8)
Estimate 4 (n=10)
Estimate 5 (n=13)
Estimate 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
Normal 3
0
10
Jump detected
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ms
Least Square Estimate with quality control

Adaptive Zone restriction
Page 5
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Numerical filtered phasor measurement
1. Fast operation Use short data window

2. High accuracy
High selectivity
3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation
Page 6
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
SIR - Definition
SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) describes the ratio
between the source impedance and the line impedance!
If
ZL
VF
distance relay
SIR
ZS
ZL
E
Vf
1 SIR
High SIR = Small loop voltage V F

in case of a fault at the end of the line
Note: SIR trip time curves are mostly related to zone 1, i.e. ZL = Z1
Page 7
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed
The SIR gives some information about the power of infeed

and the line length!
SIR > 4
SIR < 4 and >0.5
SIR < 0.5
short line*
medium line*
long line*
For a distance relay it is more hard to operate on a short

line (large SIR)
than on a long line (small SIR)!
*Classification according IEEE-Guide
Page 8
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Trip time curves at SIR = 1

SIRSIR=1
= 1 (A-G)
(A G)
50
45
40
Other relays
trip p in g tim e (m s)
35
30
25
20
7SA522
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
% of zone s etting
Page 9
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Trip time curves at SIR = 30

SIR=30 (A-G)
SIR = 30 (A G)
50
45
40
Other relays
trip p in g tim e (m s)
35
30
25
20
7SA522
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
% of zone s etting
High SIR (low voltage) doesnt effect the tripping time in numerical relays
Page 10
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Conventional relays: limiting of the starting

characteristic area for phase-selective fault detection
UL1 - UL2
IL1
L1
L2
IL2
IL3
IE
UL1
K
L3
UL1 UL2 UL3
E
UL3
UL2
UL3 - UL1
quadrilateral
MHO
ZL3-E
ZL2-E
UL1
IL1 - KE IE
impedance of
healthy loops:
UL2
ZL2-E =
IL2 - KE IE
ZL3-E
ZL3-L1
ZL1-E
Page 11
ZL1-E
IL1
IE
distance relay
ZL1-L2
impedance of
faulted loop:
UL3
IL3 - KE IE
ZL1-L2 =
UL1 - UL2
IL1 - IL2
ZL2-L3 =
UL2 - UL3
IL2 - IL3
ZL3-L1 =
UL3 - UL1
IL3 - IL1
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Distance protection
Stepped process of phase selection
fault
n = number of detected fault loops

Impedance comparison N
of fault loop impedances
Comparison of
I2 and I0 components
comparison of Load
compensated currents
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
N
Trip three-phase
Page 12
Trip single-phase
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Earth loop elimination with virtual impedance

ZL-E loops outside
circle are eliminated
Calculation of virtual earth

loop impedances with
phase earth voltage and
phase current:
Z L-E min
Z = Vph-e / Iph
ZL-E min * 1.5 = radius
Advantage is that earth current does not result in small unfaulted

loops. Only the faulted loop is calculated with fault current
Page 13
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Distance protection
Modern methods of phase selection
Intelligent phase selection:
X
Z
Z
Z
Impedance comparison
quadrilateral
L1-L2
Symmetrical component analysis
L3 - L1
Load compensation
MHO
L1-E
Pattern recognition
R
Z
G
L3-E
L1
I2
L2-E
I0
I1
I2
L3
Page 14
L2
IF/3
I0
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Phase selection
Differenciating between single and double Ph-E fault
Sector A
I 0 1 I L1 I L2 I L3
3
I 2 1 I L1 a2 I L2 a I L3
3
I0 I2
I 0 a2 I 2
I0 a I2
: L -E or L -L -E fault
1
gin
r
ma
I2
Sector C
a I2
a2 I 2
Sector B
1-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in the healthy
phases are zero or have opposite phase position
Ph-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in faulted phases have same amplitude and
show a phase difference of 120 to 180 degree dependent on earthing conditions
Page 15
Siemens
AG 2006
Power Transmission
and Distribution

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Distance Protection for

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Method used in 7SA52 and 7SA6 to measure I and V

yk is the sampled value (v or i) - by assuming

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Fast adaptive impedance measurement

Least Square Estimate with quality control

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Numerical filtered phasor measurement

1. Fast operation Use short data window

3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

High SIR = Small loop voltage V F

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed

The SIR gives some information about the power of infeed

For a distance relay it is more hard to operate on a short

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Trip time curves at SIR = 1

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Trip time curves at SIR = 30

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Conventional relays: limiting of the starting

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

n = number of detected fault loops

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Earth loop elimination with virtual impedance

Calculation of virtual earth

ZL-E min * 1.5 = radius

Advantage is that earth current does not result in small unfaulted

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

Symmetrical component analysis

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2

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