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    7.1 Adaptation and Variation

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    7.1 Adaptation and Variation

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    Unit 3: Evolution

    7.1 Adaptation and Variation


    What is Evolution?
    The Meaning of Life

    ▪ Organisms face difficulties that limit their chances of survival


    (weather, famine, competition for food, space and mates)
    ▪ Ones that can overcome those challenges live long enough to reach sexual maturity and
    reproduce
    ▪ Organisms that have reproduced are considered to be successful. Their offspring will
    inherit the traits that made them successful and the cycle will continue through the
    generations

    ▪ Organisms that cannot overcome their environmental challenges to reproduce go


    extinct.
    Adaptations
    ▪ Structures, behaviours or
    physiological processes that
    allows an organism to survive in
    their habitat until they reproduce.
    Camouflage (structural): the better camouflaged individuals survive
    and reproduce

    Hibernation (physiological)- allows animals to survive in harsh winters ,


    allows them to reduce metabolism to save energy
    Mimicry: structural adaptation

    ▪ Often living things that are deadly and/or poisonous have vibrant colouration
    ▪ Harmless species have evolved in such a way where they resemble a hazardous one.
    ▪ Even though they are harmless this is an effective method of avoiding predation
    Viceroy Butterfly Monarch Butterfly

    Palatable to predators NOT palatable to


    predators

    ✰many harmless organisms resemble harmful organisms in


    colouration or structure….avoid predators
    Examples of Mimicry
    Massassauga Rattler Fox Snake
    venomous non venomous

    ✰Fox snakes makes the same sound as a rattle snake to scare


    predators
    Come up with examples for the
    different types:
    -fur on bear to keep it warm
    1. Structural -webbed feed on duck to help it swim
    -big ears on an elephant to release heat
    2. Behavioural -cactus long roots to reach water in the desert
    3. Physiological
    4. Mimicry
    -opossums play dead to trick predators
    -birds migrate in winter to warmer place with food
    -chipmunks collect and store food for winter

    -toxins produced by skunks


    -penguins can dive for long periods and deeper depths
    Variation
    ▪ Structural, functional or physiological
    differences between individuals

    ▪ Sometimes variations between


    individuals become adaptations

    ▪ How does variation come about?


    ▪ Random AND heritable accumulation
    of mutations (changes to DNA) that
    happen over the generations
    What do you mean random?

    ▪ Variations do not happen in order to help an organism survive


    ▪ Changes are random and the environment determines which traits are positive and
    contribute to survival and reproduction, negative and restricts survival and
    reproduction or neutral and has no effect.
    ▪ If positive the organism is more likely to breed, those traits will be inherited and the
    offspring will have the same benefit as the parent and be most likely to breed.
    ▪ The trait will be increasingly common and be considered a characteristic of the
    population
    Change

    ▪ The environment is not static, things change significantly


    over time (environmental : climate change, drought, flood,
    famines; human: deforestation, land cultivation)

    ▪ Adaptations that may be positive now may be negative later,


    traits that may be neutral now can be positive as the
    environment changes
    English Peppered Moth

    ▪ Pre-industrial revolution:
    ▪ Moths were mainly grey/speckled black
    ▪ Blended in well with grey lichen coloured tree bark
    ▪ Some moths were black. They stood out on the tree bark
    and were easy prey → became rare
    ▪ Industrial revolution
    ▪ Pollution and soot coated everything, killed the lichen
    and turned most things black.
    ▪ Grey moths now stood out, black was more
    camouflaged → black moth numbers boomed and they
    became the common variant, grey/speckled became
    rare
    ▪ Post industrial revolution
    ▪ Environmental protection policies reduce pollution and soot.
    ▪ Lichen grew back, trees become greyish again.
    ▪ Black moths once again stand out and grey is becoming more
    and more common once more.
    VARIATION WITHIN SPECIES
    Do you and I look alike?

    What are our differences?

    The differences we see between each


    other is the:
    ‘variation within species’
    Variation within a population stems
    from the variety of genetic info from
    EVERY individual in the entire
    POPULATION
    VARIATION WITHIN A SPECIES
    ● All offspring have a combination of genetic material from their parents, half
    from the male gamete and half from the female gamete
    ● The number of possible combinations of genes that offspring can inherit from
    their parents results in greater genetic variation
    ● Usually a litter of kittens will look and act differently because of these
    different inherited traits (different combination of alleles from parents)
    Variation within species-Mutations

    ▪ Mutations are random and permanent alterations in the DNA of an


    individual’s genome.
    ▪ So what causes mutations?
    ▪ Sometimes nothing: mistakes made during DNA replication in S phase
    ▪ Sometimes environmental factors: chemicals, UV radiation from the sun,
    etc
    DNA replication

    Mutations occur when there are


    errors in DNA replication.

    This may impact the function of


    proteins within cells of the
    organisms.

    Mutations can cause the cell to


    die, malfunction, multiply
    more than it should
    Are all mutations bad?
    Variation within species

    ▪ Mutation is the ONLY way that NEW types of variability can enter a population
    ▪ But it MUST be heritable, which is to say the mutations must be present in
    gametes to be passed on (it must alter the DNA in gamete to be passed on)
    ▪ If a mutation occurs in a somatic cell the trait will be lost with the death of an
    organism
    ▪ Even though mutation can lead to a new trait that may help an organism survive
    the VAST majority of mutations are detrimental to survival
    Selective Advantage

    ▪ A genetic advantage that a mutation confers on an


    organism over other members in that population
    ▪ Generally selective advantage helps an organism
    survive and reproduce under changing environmental
    conditions
    Daphnia- the water flea

    -Normally lives in water around 20℃


    -Cannot survive in water 27℃ or
    warmer
    -HOWEVER a mutation enables
    some populations to survive in
    temps between 25℃-30 ℃→ when
    temperatures are high this
    population has a better chance of
    survival
    Selective pressures applied by Characteristics of individuals within
    humans to other species each species who would have a
    selective advantage (are able to
    survive and reproduce)
    Elephants with big tusks are prized Elephants with small tusks (not
    by trophy hunters. prized by hunters)
    Humans use nets to catch fish. We Small fish (can swim through holes
    prefer to have big fish over small in the net)
    fish on our dinner tables.
    Arctic sea ice is an important Polar bears that can swim well or
    platform for polar bears to hunt eat other food, not just seals
    seals. In recent decades, sea ice
    has been shrinking faster than ever
    due to anthropogenic climate
    change.
    Alcohol based hand sanitizers are Alcohol-resistant bacteria
    being used by an increasing
    number of people to kill bacteria.
    Rapid Reproduction

    ▪ Species that reproduce quickly adapt quickly to changing


    conditions.
    ▪ Bacteria and some insects reproduce quickly enough that any
    mutated allele that could be an advantage is passed on and
    could be essential to the population's survival
    ▪ Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
    ▪ Antibiotics are used to treat patients with bacterial infections.
    However, S. aureus reproduces every 30 minutes, so new alleles that
    provide protection from the antibiotics quickly arise in the
    population.
    ▪ The organisms that have the advantageous allele survive and pass
    that allele on to the next generation. Eventually, all the surviving
    bacteria are resistant to that antibiotic.
    Homework

    1. Pg. 299 # 1-6


    2. Pg. 304 # 1-3, 6, 7,11

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