THREE PHASE

CIRCUIT
 Objectives
Explain the differences between single-
phase, two-phase and three-phase.
Compute and define the Balanced Three-
Phase voltages.
Determine the phase and line
voltages/currents for Three-Phase
systems.
SINGLE PHASE TWO WIRE

V p
 SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM
A generator connected through a pair
of wire to a load Single Phase Two
Wire.
Vp is the magnitude of the source
voltage, and is the phase.
 SINGLE PHASE THREE WIRE

V p

V p
 SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM
Most common in practice: two
identical sources connected to two
loads by two outer wires and the
neutral: Single Phase Three Wire.
Terminal voltages have same
magnitude and the same phase.
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM

Circuit or system in which AC

sources operate at the same
frequency but different phases
are known as polyphase.
TWO PHASE SYSTEM THREE WIRE

V p

V p 90
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM
Two Phase System:
A generator consists of two coils placed
perpendicular to each other
The voltage generated by one lags the
other by 90.
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM
Three Phase System:
A generator consists of three coils placed
120 apart.
The voltage generated are equal in
magnitude but, out of phase by 120.
Three phase is the most economical
polyphase system.
THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
All electric power is generated and
distributed in three phase.
One phase, two phase, or more than
three phase input can be taken from
three phase system rather than
generated independently.
Melting purposes need 48 phases
supply.
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
Uniform power transmission and less
vibration of three phase machines.
The instantaneous power in a 3 system
can be constant (not pulsating).
High power motors prefer a steady
torque especially one created by a
rotating magnetic field.
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
Three phase system is more
economical than the single phase.
The amount of wire required for a three
phase system is less than required for an
equivalent single phase system.
Conductor: Copper, Aluminum, etc
THREE PHASE GENERATION
 FARADAYS LAW
Three things must be present in
order to produce electrical current:
a) Magnetic field
b) Conductor
c) Relative motion
Conductor cuts lines of magnetic
flux, a voltage is induced in the
conductor
Direction and Speed are important
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is parallel to the flux.
No voltage is induced.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is perpendicular to flux.
Induced voltage is maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is parallel to flux.
No voltage is induced.
 GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Notice current in the Induced voltage is
conductor has reversed. 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is perpendicular to flux.
Induced voltage is maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is parallel to flux.
No voltage is induced.
Ready to produce another cycle.
THREE PHASE GENERATOR
 GENERATOR WORK
The generator consists of a rotating
magnet (rotor) surrounded by a
stationary winding (stator).

Three separate windings or coils with

terminals a-a, b-b, and c-c are
physically placed 120 apart around
the stator.
 As the rotor rotates, its magnetic field
cuts the flux from the three coils and
induces voltages in the coils.

The induced voltage have equal

magnitude but out of phase by 120.
GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE AC
S
x x

N
 THREE-PHASE WAVEFORM
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

120 120 120

240

Phase 2 lags phase 1 by 120. Phase 2 leads phase 3 by 120.

Phase 3 lags phase 1 by 240. Phase 1 leads phase 3 by 240.
 GENERATION OF 3 VOLTAGES
Phase 1Phase 2 Phase 3
S
x x

Phase 1 is ready to go positive.

Phase 2 is going more negative. N
Phase 3 is going less positive.
THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
 BALANCED 3 VOLTAGES
Balanced three phase voltages:
same magnitude (VM )
120 phase shift

v an (t ) VM cos t
vbn (t ) VM cos t 120
vcn (t ) VM cos t 240 VM cos t 120
 BALANCED 3 CURRENTS
Balanced three phase currents:
same magnitude (IM )
120 phase shift

ia (t ) I M cos t
ib (t ) I M cos t 120
ic (t ) I M cos t 240
 PHASE SEQUENCE
van (t ) VM cos t
vbn (t ) VM cost 120
vcn (t ) VM cost 120
Van VM 0 Van VM 0
Vbn VM 120 Vbn VM 120
Vcn VM 120 Vcn VM 120
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE SEQUENCE
PHASE SEQUENCE
 EXAMPLE # 1
Determine the phase sequence of
the set voltages:

van 200 cost 10

vbn 200 cost 230
vcn 200 cost 110
 BALANCED VOLTAGE AND LOAD
Balanced Phase Voltage: all phase
voltages are equal in magnitude and
are out of phase with each other by
120.
Balanced Load: the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude
and in phase.
 THREE PHASE CIRCUIT
POWER
The instantaneous power is constant

p(t ) pa (t ) pb (t ) pc (t )

cos
VM I M
3
2
3Vrms I rms cos( )
 THREE PHASE CIRCUIT
Three Phase Power,

S T S A S B S C 3 S
 THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
QUANTITY SYMBOL

Phase current I

Line current IL

Phase voltage V

Line voltage VL
PHASE VOLTAGES and LINE VOLTAGES
Phase voltage is measured between
the neutral and any line: line to
neutral voltage
Line voltage is measured between any
two of the three lines: line to line
voltage.
PHASE CURRENTS and LINE CURRENTS
Line current (IL) is the current in
each line of the source or load.

Phase current (I) is the current in

each phase of the source or load.
THREE PHASE CONNECTION
 SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
SOURCE LOAD CONNECTION

Wye Wye Y-Y

Wye Delta Y-

Delta Delta -

Delta Wye -Y
 SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
Common connection of source: WYE
Delta connected sources: the
circulating current may result in the
delta mesh if the three phase voltages
are slightly unbalanced.
Common connection of load: DELTA
Wye connected load: neutral line may
not be accessible, load can not be
added or removed easily.
WYE CONNECTION
WYE CONNECTED GENERATOR
Ia
a

Van
Vab
n Vbn

Ib Vca
b
Vcn

Vbc

Ic
c
 WYE CONNECTED LOAD
a a
ZY
b Z
Y

Y
Z

OR b
ZY
Load
ZY
c c
ZY

Load
n n
BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION
PHASE CURRENTS AND LINE CURRENTS
In Y-Y system:

IL I
 PHASE VOLTAGES, V

Phase voltage is Ia
a
measured between
the neutral and any VVanan
Vab
VVbnbn
line: line to neutral n
Ib
voltage b
Vca
VVcn
cn

Vbc

Ic
c
 PHASE VOLTAGES, V

Van VM 0 volt
Vbn VM 120 volt
Vcn VM 120 volt
 LINE VOLTAGES, VL
Ia

Line voltage is
a

measured between Van

any two of the three

Vab
V ab
n Vbn
lines: line to line Ib VVca
voltage.
ca
b
Vcn

V
V bc bc

Ic
c
 LINE VOLTAGES, VL
Vab Van Vbn
Vbc Vbn Vcn
Vca Vcn Van
Vab 3VM 30
Vbc 3VM 90
Vca 3VM 150
Van VM 0 volt
PHASE
Vbn VM 120 volt VOLTAGE (V)
Vcn VM 120 volt

Vab 3 VM 30 volt
LINE
VOLTAGE Vbc 3 VM 90 volt
(VL)
Vca 3 VM 150 volt
PHASE DIAGRAM OF VL AND V

Vcn
Vca Vab

30
-Vbn
120 Van

Vbn

Vbc
 PROPERTIES OF PHASE VOLTAGE
All phase voltages have the same
magnitude,

V Van
= V
bn Vcn
=

Out of phase with each other by 120

 PROPERTIES OF LINE VOLTAGE
All line voltages have the same
magnitude,

VL Vab
= V
bc Vca
=

Out of phase with each other by 120

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN V and VL
1. Magnitude

VL 3 V
2. Phase
- VL LEAD their corresponding V by 30

VL V 30
 EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the line currents
DELTA CONNECTION
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES
DELTA CONNECTED LOAD

OR
BALANCED - CONNECTION
 PHASE VOLTAGE AND LINE VOLTAGE
In - system, line voltages equal to
phase voltages:

VL V
 PHASE VOLTAGE, V
Phase voltages are equal to the
voltages across the load impedances.

 PHASE CURRENTS, I
The phase currents are obtained:

VAB VBC VCA

I AB , I BC , I CA
Z Z Z
 LINE CURRENTS, IL
The line currents are obtained from the
phase currents by applying KCL at
nodes A,B, and C.

 LINE CURRENTS, IL

I a I AB I CA
I b I BC I AB
I c I CA I BC I a 3 I AB 30
I b I a 120
I c I a 120
 PHASE
CURRENTS (I)

VAB
I AB LINE CURRENTS (IL)
Z
I BC
VBC I a 3 I AB 30
Z I b I a 120
VCA
I CA I c I a 120
Z
PHASE DIAGRAM OF IL AND I
 PROPERTIES OF PHASE CURRENT
All phase currents have the same
magnitude,

V
I I AB I BC ICA
Z

Out of phase with each other by 120

 PROPERTIES OF LINE CURRENT
All line currents have the same
magnitude,

I L Ia I b Ic
Out of phase with each other by 120
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN I and IL
1. Magnitude

I L 3 I
2. Phase
- IL LAG their corresponding I by 30

I L I 30
 EXAMPLE
A balanced delta connected load having
an impedance 20-j15 is connected to
a delta connected, positive sequence
generator having Vab = 3300 V.
Calculate the phase currents of the load
and the line currents.
 Given Quantities

Z 20 j15 25 36.87
Vab 3300
 Phase Currents
VAB 3300
I AB 13.236.87A
Z 25 36.87

I BC I AB 120 13.2 - 83.13A

I CA I AB 120 13.2156.87A
 Line Currents

I a I AB 3 30

13.236.87 3 30 A
22.866.87

I b I a 120 22.86 - 113.13A

I c I a 120 22.86126.87A
BALANCED WYE-DELTASYSTEM
 EXAMPLE 2
A balanced positive sequence Y-
connected source with Van=10010 V
is connected to a -connected
balanced load (8+j4) per phase.
Calculate the phase and line currents.
THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
 EXAMPLE 3
Determine the total power (P), reactive
power (Q), and complex power (S) at the
source and at the load
 EXAMPLE #4
A three phase motor can be
regarded as a balanced Y-load. A
three phase motor draws 5.6 kW
when the line voltage is 220 V and
the line current is 18.2 A. Determine
the power factor of the motor