CHAPTER 2

Part 4: Three Phase

Systems
C O U R S E O U T C O M E

Describe the fundamentals of

CO
1 electrical concept in power
system

ZZ FKE
 THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

POWER IN
INTRODUCTIO
THREE PHASE
N
SYSTEM
STAR/WYE (Y)
PER PHASE
CONNECTION ANALYSIS

ONE LINE
DELTA/MESH
DIAGRAM
CONNECTION
INTRODUCTION OF 3-PHASE SYSTEMS
(BALANCED 3-ϕ SYSTEM)
Electric power is generated, transmitted, and
distributed in the form of 3-phase power

Equal voltage magnitude but diff phase angle from the others by 120°

Van = V0°
Vbn = V -120°
Vcn = V -240° = V +120°

Va (t) = Vm sin ωt
Vb (t) = Vm sin (ωt-120)
Vc (t) = Vm sin (ωt+120) 3Φ generator consists of
3 single-phase generators
= Vm sin (ωt-240) in time domain
ADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE
Three-phase power is preferred over single-phase power for several
important reasons:
 Three-phase motors, generators, and transformers are simpler, cheaper,
and more efficient
 Three-phase transmission lines can deliver more power for a given
weight and cost. It is possible to get more power per kilogram of metal
from 3‐phase machine.
 The voltage regulation of 3-phase transmission lines is inherently better.
Meaning that the power delivered to a 3‐phase load is constant at all
times instead of pulsating as it does in 1‐phase system. The 3‐φ motor 
having  constant  torque,  start  and run much better than 1‐φ motor.
BALANCED THREE PHASE
Following are the requirements that must be satisfied in order
for a 3-phase system or circuit to be balanced:

• All 3 sources are represented by a set of balanced 3-phase

variables
• All loads are 3-phase with equal impedances
• Line impedances are equal in all 3 phases
BALANCED THREE PHASE
Phase = describes or pertains to one element or device in a load, line, or source.
Line = refers to the "transmission line" or wires that connect the source (supply) to the load.
It may be modeled as a small impedance (actually 3 of them), or even by just a connecting line.
Neutral = the 4th wire in the 3-phase system. It's where the phases of a Y connection come together.
Phase Voltages & Phase Currents = the voltages and currents across and through a single branch (phase)
of the circuit. Note this definition depends on whether the connection is Wye or Delta!
Line Currents = the currents flowing in each of the lines (Ia, Ib, and Ic). This definition does not change
with connection type.
Line Voltages = the voltages between any two of the lines (Vab, Vbc, and Vca). These may also be referred
to as the line-to-line voltages. This definition does not change with connection type.
Line to Neutral Voltages = the voltages between any lines and the neutral point (Va, Vb, and Vc). This
definition does not change with connection type, but they may not be physically measureable in a Delta
circuit.
Line to Neutral Currents = same as the line currents (Ia, Ib, and Ic).
3 PHASE CONNECTION WITH LOAD
A 3Φ system in which the 3 generators have voltages equal in magnitude
& 120° diff in phase, and identical loads are called a balanced 3Φ system.

Phasor diagram in abc sequence.

Meaning that, b comes after a and c comes after b
CHAPTER 2

Part 4b: Three Phase

Systems
C O U R S E O U T C O M E

Describe the fundamentals of

CO
1 electrical concept in power
system

ZZ FKE
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IN THREE
PHASE SYSTEM
STAR/WYE (Y) CONNECTION

SOURCE LOAD
STAR/WYE (Y) CONNECTION
Line Current
Phase Current

Phasor Voltage
Line Voltage Line Voltage
Phasor Voltage Phasor Voltage

Phase Current
Line Current
I line = I phase Line Voltage

Line Current
STAR/WYE (Y) CONNECTION
PHASE VOLTAGES (LINE TO NEUTRAL VOLTAGES)

VAN = |V| ∠ 0°
VBN = |V| ∠ − 120°
VCN = |V| ∠ − 240° = |V| ∠ 120°
STAR/WYE (Y) CONNECTION
LINE VOLTAGES (LINE TO LINE VOLTAGES)

VAB = VAN − VBN = √3 |V| ∠ 30°

VBC = VBN − VCN = √3 |V| ∠ − 90°
VCA = VCN − VAN = √3 |V| ∠ 150°
Since VAB, VBC and VCA are all line voltages and V is the  phase voltage, then |
Vline| =  √3 |Vph|
|Iline| = |Iph|
 PHASOR DIAGRAM

PHASE VOLTAGE
VAN = |V| ∠ 0°
VBN = |V| ∠ − 120°
VCN = |V| ∠ − 240° = |V| ∠ 120°

LINE VOLTAGE
VAB = VAN − VBN = √3 |V| ∠ 30°
VBC = VBN − VCN = √3 |V| ∠ − 90°
VCA = VCN − VAN = √3 |V| ∠ 150°
DELTA(Δ)/MESH CONNECTION

SOURCE LOAD
 DELTA(Δ)/MESH CONNECTION
Line Current
The phase currents:
IAB = |I| ∠ 0° Phase Current
Phase Voltage
IBC = |I| ∠ − 120°
Phase Voltage
ICA = |I| ∠ − 240° Line Voltage
Line Voltage Phase
Phase Current
Line Current Current
V line = V phase
Line Voltage
Phase Voltage
Line Current
 DELTA(Δ)/MESH CONNECTION

The line currents:
IA = IAB − ICA =  √3 |I| ∠ − 30°
IB = IBC − IAB = √3 |I| ∠ − 150°
IC = ICA − IBC = √3 |I| ∠ 90°
Since IA, IB and IC are all line currents and I is the phase  current, then
|Vline| = |Vph|
|Iline| = √3 |Iph|
 PHASOR DIAGRAM
The phase currents:
IAB = |I| ∠ 0°
IBC = |I| ∠ − 120°
ICA = |I| ∠ − 240°
The line currents:
IA = IAB − ICA =  √3 |I| ∠ − 30°
IB = IBC − IAB = √3 |I| ∠ − 150°
IC = ICA − IBC = √3 |I| ∠ 90°
CHAPTER 2

Part 4c: Power in

Three Phase Circuit
and per phase analysis

C O U R S E O U T C O M E

Describe the fundamentals of

CO
1 electrical concept in power
system

ZZ FKE
POWER IN THREE PHASE CIRCUIT
Complex power: S3φ = 3 Vph Iph* =  VL IL* = P3φ + j Q3φ

Apparent power: |S3φ| = 3 |Vph| |Iph| =  |VL| |IL|

Real power: P3φ = 3 |Vph| |Iph| cos θ =  |VL| |IL| cos θ

Reactive power: Q3φ = 3 |Vph| |Iph| sin θ =  |VL| |IL| sin θ

POWER IN THREE PHASE CIRCUIT

The power equation can also be written as follows:

PER PHASE ANALYSIS
Steps to solve 3Φ circuits:
1. Determine the voltages, currents and powers at various points in the
circuit with a per phase equivalent circuit.
2. Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit.
3. Solve it as common circuit in circuit theory
Analysis of Δ-connected Sources and Loads in Power
System
• The standard approach is to transform the impedances from Δ to Y.
• For the special case of balanced loads, the Y–Δ transformation states that:

For a Δ-connected load consisting of three impedances, each of value Z, is

totally equivalent to a Y-connected load consisting of three impedances, each
of value Z/3
EXAMPLE 1
A 208-V, 3Φ power system is shown below. It consists of an ideal 208-V, Y-connected
3Φ generator connected through a 3Φ transmission line to a Y-connected load. The
transmission line has an impedance 0.06 + j.012Ω per phase and the load has an
impedance of 12 + j9 Ω per phase.
EXAMPLE 1
Find:
a. The magnitude of the line current IL
b.The magnitude of the load's line and phase voltages VLL and VϕL
c. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
d.The power factor of the load
e.The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the
transmission line
f. The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the
generator
g. The power factor of generator
SOLUTION
Redraw circuit

Find the line Current

SOLUTION
a) The magnitude of line current

The magnitude of the line current is thus 7.94 A

b)

The magnitude of the V

The magnitude of Load’s line voltage

c) The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load

d) The load power factor

𝑃𝐹 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =cos ( 36.9 ° ) =0.8  lagging
e) The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the transmission line

𝑍 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠= 𝑍 𝑇𝐿=0.06+ 𝑗 0.12=0.134 ∠ 63.4 ° Ω

f) The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the generator

𝑃 ,𝑄 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑃 ,𝑄 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Pgen
Qgen
S gen

Qgen

𝜃 𝑔𝑒𝑛
Pgen
g) The power factor of generator

Qgen

𝜃 𝑔𝑒𝑛
Pgen

−1 𝑄𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜃 𝑔𝑒𝑛=tan =𝟑𝟕 . 𝟏°
𝑃 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝐹 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =cos ( 3 7.1° )=0. 798   lagging
EXAMPLE 2 (TRY BY YOURSELF)
EXAMPLE 2 (TRY BY YOURSELF)
CHAPTER 2

Part 4d: One line

diagram

C O U R S E O U T C O M E

Describe the fundamentals of

CO
1 electrical concept in power
system

ZZ FKE
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
A balanced 3Φ power system has 3 lines connecting each source with each load.
Since each phase is basically the same (equal magnitude but 120° diff in phase angle),
• It is customary to sketch the power system in a one line diagram
• With a single line representing all 3 phases of the real power system
EXAMPLE 3

Figure above shows a one-line diagram of a small 480V industrial distribution

system. The impedance of the distribution line is negligible. Find
a. The overall power factor of the distribution system
b. The total line current supplied to the distribution system
SOLUTION
The lines in this system are assumed has no impedance, so there will be
no voltage drop within the system.

Load 1: ∆ -connected
SOLUTION

Load 2: Y -connected
SOLUTION

Using power triangle

The power factor

The total line current is given by

 END OF
CHAPTER 2