objective

s
At the of the lesson,
students should be
able to:

1. Describe the unique

characteristics of
Arthropoda
2. State the classes of
phylum Arthropoda
 Phylum show greatest diversity & greatest
no of organism

Habitat: most aquatic, some terrestrial &

distributed worldwide

Size: body length from less than 0.1 mm to

60 cm

Coelomate: coelom reduced to portions of

reproductive and excretory systems
 Major body cavity: hemocoel (blood filled spaces
among tissues)
Blood known as hemolymp in arthropoda

Integument: completely cover by chitinous cuticle

as exoskeleton. Cuticle secreted by epidermis
 Exoskeleton
Rigid: to protect animal & site
attachment for muscle to move
appendage
difficult for animal to grow
Growth: molting/ecdysis
Shed the old exoskeleton
& secrete larger one
 Body segmented - many segments altered
as tagmata (head, thorax & abdomen)

Jointed appendages associated with each

segment
 Gaseous exchange: through
- tracheal tubes (insect)
- aquatic (gills)
- book lungs/body surface (terrestrial)
Digestive tract complete

Nervous system: chain of ganglia on ventral nerve

cord
Sensory organ high developed :eye, olfactory
receptor,antennae
 Circulatory system open : involve
hemolymp
Osmoregulation : by Malphigian tubules

Locomotion: by legs & moved by striated

muscle attached to cuticle.
Reproduction: most dioecious,
fertilization internal & oviparous
 Hardened exoskeleton: Chitin-protection, attachment for
muscles, locomotion, prevention of desiccation

Specialized segments: segment became few as they evolved:

fused or grouped together

Jointed appendages: feeding, locomotion, transferring

sperm to females

Respiratory structures: variety of respiratory organs (marine-

gills, terrestrial-book lungs or tracheae air tubes)

Specialized sensory structures: well developed nervous

system

Division of labor in the life cycle: metamorphosis

 Phylum Class Example
1. Class Crustacea Shrimp
(Macrobrachium)
2. Class Chilopoda Centipede(Scolopendra)

3. Class Diplopoda Milipede (Lulus)

Artropoda
4. Class Insecta Grasshopper (Valanga)

5. Class Arachnida Spider (Nephila)

6. Class Horseshoe crab

Merostomata (Xiphosura)
Arthropods
Two out of every three known species of animals
are arthropods
Members of the phylum Arthropoda are found in
nearly all habitats of the biosphere

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Explain the characteristic of Arthropod that
allow them to successfully conquer various types
of habitat.
Chitinous exoskeleton
allow free movement / adaptation to wider range of habitat
protection from dehydration
Jointed appendages
allow efficient locomotion / flexible movement
segmentation / metamerism
specialization of functions / cepalization
(Highly ) efficient respiratory system
directs the air right to the tissues
makes high metabolic rate possible
(Highly) developed sensory organ / eyes/sense of
touch/smell/hearing/balancing/chemical receptor
alert to any change in the environment
Metamorphosis (reduces intraspecific compatibility)
larvae and adult utilize different (food) sources
Figure 33.28
Figure 33.30
Cephalothorax Abdomen

Antennae Thorax
Head
(sensory
reception)

Swimming appen-
dages (one pair per
abdominal segment

Walking legs
Pincer Mouthparts
(defense) (feeding)
Figure 33.31
Figure 33.32

50 m
Scorpion

Dust mite

Web-building
spider
Figure 33.33

Intestine Stomach
Heart Brain
Digestive
gland
Eyes

Ovary
Poison
gland

Anus
Book lung
Spinnerets Gonopore Chelicera Pedipalp
(exit for eggs) Sperm
Silk gland receptacle
Figure 33.34

(a) Millipede

(b) Centipede
Figure 33.35

Abdomen Thorax Head

Compound eye

Antennae

Heart Dorsal
artery Crop Cerebral
Anus ganglion

Vagina

Malpighian
tubules
Ovary
Tracheal tubes Nerve cords Mouthparts
Figure 33.36
Figure 33.37

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa (d) Emerging
adult

(e) Adult
Figure 33.38

Archaeognatha (bristletails; 350 species)

Thysanura (silverfish; 450 species)

Winged insects (many orders)

Complete metamorphosis Incomplete metamorphosis

Coleoptera Hemiptera
(beetles; 350,000 species) (85,000 species)

Diptera
(151,000 species) Orthoptera
(13,000 species)

Hymenoptera
(125,000 species)

Proboscis Lepidoptera
(120,000 species)
Figure 33.39

(a) Ghost crab

(b) Krill (c) Barnacles

 OBJECTIVES : Phylum Echinodermata
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

1) Describe the unique characteristic of Echinodermata

2) State the classification of Echinodermata into five
classes:
1. Class Asteroidea (Asterias)
2. Class Holothuroidea (Holothuria)
3. Class Crinoidea ( Sea Lily)
4. Class Echinoidea ( Sea Urchin)
5. Class Ophiroidea (Ophiura)
 Unique Characteristics of
Echinodermata
Echinoderm larvae: bilaterally symmetrical, ciliated &
free swimming
Have skeleton : consist of CaCO3 plates & spines
Endoskeleton: cover by thin & ciliated epidermis

Well developed coelom & coelomic fluid to transport

material

Variety of respiratory structures in various classes

Excretory organ absent

Simple nervous system consist nerve ring & radial nerve

No brain
Sexes separate - eggs & sperm released into water +
fertilization takes places
 Echinoderms have a unique water vascular
system, a network of hydraulic canals branching
into tube feet that function in locomotion and
feeding.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.40

Short digestive tract

Stomach
Anus
Spine
Gills

Central disk

Madreporite

Radial
Digestive glands nerve
Ring Gonads
canal
Ampulla
Podium
Radial canal Tube feet
 Echinodermata
Hydraulic water vascular system
network of fluid-filled canal
function in locomotion, feeding & gas
exchange

Tube feet :
numerous tiny from branches of
water vascular system
extend when filled with fluid
fluid receives from main system of
canal

separated from other part of system

by valve
bottom of foot: suction-type
structure that pressed & adhere to
whatever surface
 Unique Characteristics of
Echinodermata
Ampulla
round muscular sac at base of foot
function: store fluid & used to operate
tube foot
 Classification of Phylum Echinoderm

Phylum Class Example

1. Class Asteroidea Star fish (Asterias)
2. Class Holothuroidea Sea cucumber
(Holothuria)
3. Class Crinoidea Sea Lily
Echinoderm
4. Class Echinoidea Sea Urchin

5. Class Ophiroidea Brittle star (Ophiura)

 Role of Echinodermata
1. Role of Star fish - threaten the coral reef
Star fish threat the coral by:
eating small polyp stony coral, green star & several types of
soft leather coral

2. The Role of Sea cucumber (Holothuria) in medical uses

i) Common use - treating weakness, impotence, debility
of the aged
- constipation due to intestinal dryness
- frequent urination

ii) Source of polysaccharide condroiton sulfate - ability to

reduce pain
iii) Have glusamine sulfate - treating osteoarthritis
iv) Have sulfated polysaccharide - inhibit viruses (uses
for HIV therapy)
 Describe the unique characteristics of
Chordata
State the classification of Chordata
into 4 subphyla
State the classification of subphylum
Vertebrata into 6 classes
Discuss evolutionary relationship of
animals
Unique Characteristics of Chordata :

Chordates include all vertebrate animal (backbone) & some are

invertebrate

Unique characteristic in chordate base on present of:

1. The notochord
2. Pharyngeal slits (slit in pharynx)
3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
4. Close circulatory system
5. Post-anal tail
6. Myotomes

E.g.: Amphioxus
( Lancelet)
 A flexible rod of cells along dorsal midline of all chordates

Important in embryonic development & body support

Establishes axis body & guides development of nerve cord

In most vertebrates: notochord guides the formation of

vertebral column
In invertebrate chordates: notochord persists in adult,
maintaining flexibility & support
 Pharynx which open to outside of animal through several slit
possess pharyngeal slits in embryo
Invertebrate : function as suspension feeding device
aquatic vertebrate : modified for gaseous exchange

as gills
terrestrial vertebrates: never complete perforate neck &
usually disappear before birth or
hatching
 Nerve cord of chordate embryo :
Develop from ectoderm plate & roll into tube
located along midline, dorsal to notochord

Develop into CNS :

Spinal cord : dorsal nerve cord
Brain : anterior end of nerve cord
4. Close circulatory system

Have ventral heart (2-4

chamber)

Close blood vessel system of

arteries, vein & capillaries

Blood fluid contain red blood

cell with hemoglobin & white
blood cell
 Tail extend posterior to anus
A post-anal tail occurs in all chordates, at least in the
embryo
Post-anal tail & pharyngeal slits in embryo of humans &
other terrestrial vertebrates :
assume as effect of our evolution from
aquatic vertebrates with tail
 Myotomes / myomeres :

Bands of segmental muscles that is common in

vertebrates & some invertebrate chordates
Classification Of Phylum Chordata
Have 4 subphyla

1.Urochodata
(Sea squirt)
4. Vertebrata

3. Cephalochordata
2. Hemichordata
(Lancelet)
(Acorn worm)
Classification of Subphylum Vertebrata

Phylum Class Example

1. Class Chondrichthyes Ray (Raja)

2. Class Osteichthyes Selar fish (Selar)

Vertebrata 3. Class Amphibia Frog (Rana)

4. Class Reptilia Crocodile (Crocodilus)

5. Class Aves Pigeon (Columba)

6. Class Mammalia Rat (Rattus)

Evolutionary relationship of animal based
on their :

1. Level of organization
2. Germ layers
3. Body plan
4. Body cavity
5. Segmentation/metamerism
Evolutionary relationship of animal based on
their :

Phylum
Porifera Coelentrata Platyhelminthes
Characteristic

1. Level of Cell level of Tissue level of Organ level of

organization organization organization organization
Phylum
Characteristic Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda

1. Level of Organ level of Organ-system Organ-system

organization organization organization organization
Phylum
Mollusca Echinodermata Chordata
Characteristic
1. Level of Organ-system Organ-system Organ-system
organization organization organization organization
Evolutionary relationship of animal based on
their :

Phylum
Porifera Coelentrata Platyhelminthes
Characteristic
-No true tissue -Diploblastic -Triploblastic
2. Germ layers -Loose aggregation of -True tissue -Ectoderm,
cell -Ectoderm, mesoderm &
-Spongocoel & osculum mesoglea & endoderm
animal endoderm
Phylum
Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda
Characteristic

2. Germ layers Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic

Phylum
Mollusca Echinodermata Chordata
Characteristic
-Triploblastic
2. Germ layers -Head, muscular foot Triploblastic Triploblastic
& visceral mass
Evolutionary relationship of animal based on
their :

Phylum
Porifera Coelentrata Platyhelminthes
Characteristic

Asymmetry / Radial Bilateral

3. Body plan
radial symmetry symmetry
Phylum
Characteristic Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda

Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral

3. Body plan
symmetry symmetry symmetry
Phylum
Mollusca Echinodermata Chordata
Characteristic

Bilateral Bilateral symmetry Bilateral

3. Body plan symmetry (larva), Radial symmetry
symmetry (adult)
Evolutionary relationship of animal based on
their :

Phylum
Porifera Coelentrata Platyhelminthes
Characteristic

4. Body cavity None None Acoelomate

Phylum
Characteristic Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda

Pseudo
4. Body cavity Coelomate Coelomate
coelomate
Phylum
Mollusca Echinodermata Chordata
Characteristic
Coelomate Coelomate Coelomate
4. Body cavity
Evolutionary relationship of animal based on
their :

Phylum
Porifera Coelentrata Platyhelminthes
Characteristic

5. Segmentation /
None None Unsegmented body
metamerism
Phylum
Characteristic Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda

5. Segmentation / Unsegmented
Segmented body Segmented body
metamerism body

Phylum
Mollusca Echinodermata Chordata
Characteristic
5. Segmentation / Unsegmented
body
None None
metamerism