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    Antibody Production

    Uploaded by

    Fahmie Firmansyah
    Lymphocytes produce antibodies to target specific antigens on microbes. Antibodies bind to antigens, which are foreign substances that stimulate antibody production. When a lymphocyte encounters an antigen through its surface antibodies, it is activated and divides via mitosis to produce a clone of identical cells that secrete large quantities of the same antibody, launching the primary immune response. Some activated lymphocytes become memory cells that allow for a faster secondary response if the same antigen is detected again.

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    Antibody Production

    Uploaded by

    Fahmie Firmansyah
    209 views15 pages
    Lymphocytes produce antibodies to target specific antigens on microbes. Antibodies bind to antigens, which are foreign substances that stimulate antibody production. When a lymphocyte encounters an antigen through its surface antibodies, it is activated and divides via mitosis to produce a clone of identical cells that secrete large quantities of the same antibody, launching the primary immune response. Some activated lymphocytes become memory cells that allow for a faster secondary response if the same antigen is detected again.

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    Lymphocytes produce antibodies to target specific antigens on microbes. Antibodies bind to antigens, which are foreign substances that stimulate antibody production. When a lymphocyte encounters an antigen through its surface antibodies, it is activated and divides via mitosis to produce a clone of identical cells that secrete large quantities of the same antibody, launching the primary immune response. Some activated lymphocytes become memory cells that allow for a faster secondary response if the same antigen is detected again.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    209 views15 pages

    Antibody Production

    Uploaded by

    Fahmie Firmansyah
    Lymphocytes produce antibodies to target specific antigens on microbes. Antibodies bind to antigens, which are foreign substances that stimulate antibody production. When a lymphocyte encounters an antigen through its surface antibodies, it is activated and divides via mitosis to produce a clone of identical cells that secrete large quantities of the same antibody, launching the primary immune response. Some activated lymphocytes become memory cells that allow for a faster secondary response if the same antigen is detected again.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Antibody

    Production
    The blood contains two types of white blood
    cell or leukocyte

    Phagocytes ingest bacteria by endocytosis

    Lymphocytes produce antibodies


    Antibodies

    Antibodies are proteins that recognise and


    bind to specific antigens

    Antigens are foreign substances that


    stimulate the production of antibodies

    Many of the molecules on the surface of


    viruses and bacteria are antigens
    Antibodies are specific they usually bind
    to only one specific antigen.

    Antibodies

    Microbe
    Antigen
    Production of Antibodies by Lymphocytes

    A lymphocyte can produce only one type of


    antibody so a huge number of different types are
    needed
    Each lymphocyte has some of its antibody on its
    surface
    The antigens of a pathogen bind to the antibodies
    in the surface membrane of a lymphocyte

    This activates the lymphocyte.


    The active lymphocyte divides by mitosis to
    produce a clone of many identical cells

    MITOSIS

    The clone of cells


    starts to produce large
    quantities of the same
    antibody
    the same antibody
    needed to defend
    against the pathogen!
    Most microbes have more
    than one antigen on their
    surface, so

    they stimulate more than


    one type of lymphocyte

    resulting in the production


    of many different antibodies.

    These are called


    polyclonal antibodies.
    Antibody Production: The Primary Response
    Step 1: Antigen Presentation
    Antigen Macrophages take in antigen
    by endocytosis
    The macrophage processes the
    antigen and attaches it to a
    membrane protein called a
    Macrophage MHC protein
    The MHC protein is moved to the MHC protein
    cell surface membrane by
    exocytosis so that the antigen is
    displayed on its surface.
    Step 2: Activation of Helper T-cell receptor

    Helper T-cells have receptors on


    their cell surface membranes which
    can bind to antigens presented by
    Helper T-cell
    macrophages.
    Helper T-cell binds to macrophage
    presenting the antigen

    Macrophage sends a signal to activate the helper T-cell


    Step 3: Activation of B-lymphocytes

    B-cells have antibodies in their cell surface


    membranes
    Antigens bind to the antibodies in the surface
    membranes of B-cells
    Antigen

    Inactive B-cell

    Antibody
    An activated helper T-cell with
    receptors for the same antigen
    binds to the B-cell

    SIGNAL

    The helper T-cell sends a signal to the B-cell,


    activating the B-cell.
    Step 4: Proliferation

    The activated B-cell starts to divide


    by mitosis to form a clone of plasma
    cells.

    Plasma cells are activated B-cells


    with a very extensive network of
    rough endoplasmic reticulum.

    Plasma cells synthesis large


    amounts of antibody, which they
    excrete by exocytosis.
    The Secondary Response: Memory Cells

    If an antigen invades your body a second time, a


    much faster response occurs which produces
    much larger quantity of the required antibody.

    When activated B-cells are dividing during the


    primary response, some cells stop dividing and
    secreting antibody and become memory cells.

    Large numbers of memory cells remain in the


    body for a long time
    they are capable of producing large amounts of
    antibody very quickly when stimulated.
    Antigen Antigen

    Activate Activate
    Helper
    B-cell T-cell
    Antibody Production: Macrophage
    Clone
    Summary

    Memory
    Cell Plasma Antibodies
    Cell

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