DRUG

STUDY
Petal Rose T. Madiam
Group 9E
CEFTRIAXONE (ROCEPHIN)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 anti infective
 
 INDICATION:
  Meningitisand bone/joint infection. Septicemia, Otitis Media, Peri
operative Prophylaxis, Lyme dse.
 
 ACTION:
 Bind to the bacterial cell wall membrane causing cell
death.Therapeutic effect: bactericidal action against susceptible
bacteria.
  
 CONTRAINDICATION:
 Hypersensitivity to cephalosporin
 
 ADVERSE REACTIONS:

• pain, tenderness, hardness, or warmth in the place where ceftriaxone was injected
• headache
• dizziness
• sweating
• flushing
• diarrhea
 
 DOSAGE:
 Usual Adult Dose for Intra abdominal Infection:
2 g IV 24 hours for 7 to 14 days, depending on the nature and severity of the
infection

 NURSING CONSIDERATION: 
 Intermittent Infusion: reconstitute
 
 
LOSARTAN(COZAAR)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 anti hypertensives
 
 INDICATIONS:
 Alone or with other agents in the management of hypertension
.Prevention of stroke in patients with hypertension.
 
 ACTION:
 Lowering of blood pressure. decreased risk of stroke in patients with
hypertension
 
 
 CONTRAINDICATION:
 Hypersensitivity; OB: can cause injury or death of fetus.
 
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
 
• Dizziness,
• anxiety,
• depression,
• fatigue,
• headache,
• insomnia,
• weakness,
• hypotension,
• chestpain edema,
• tachycardia,
• diarrhea, nausea,
• and vomiting

DOSAGE:
Adults:
 PO hypertension-50 mg once daily initial
 
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
Correct
 volume depletion, if possible, prior to initiation of therapy
PO: May be administered without regard to meals

 
 

 
 
METOPROLOL(LOPRESOR)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 Anti Hypertensive

 INDICATIONS:
 Hypertension. Angina Pectoris. Prevention of MI and
decreased mortality in patients with recent MI.
  
 ACTION:
 Decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Decreased frequency
of attacks of angina pectoris. Decreased rate of cardiovascular
mortality and hospitalization in patient with heart failure.

 CONTRAINDICATION:
 Uncompensated CHF; Pulmonary edema: Cardiogenic shock;
Bradycardia
 ADVERSE REACTIONS:
•• Fatigue,
•• weakness,
•• anxiety,
•• depression,
•• dizziness,
• drowsiness,
•• insomnia,
• memory loss,
• blurred vision,
• hypotension,
•• diarrhea,
• dry mouth,
•• flatulence,
•• heart burn,
•• urinary frequency.
  
 DOSAGE:
 Adults: PO; Anti Hypertensive / Anti anginal -25-100mg/day as a single dose initially or two
divided doses.
 
 NURSING CONSIDERATION:
 PO: Take apical pulse before administering, If <50 bpm or if arrhythmia occurs, withhold
medication and notify health care professional
 Administer metoprolol with meals or directly after eating.

 
FUROSEMIDE(LASIX)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 Diuretics
 
 INDICATIONS:
 Treatment of edema ,associated w/ CHF renal & hepatic disorders.
Management of oliguria due to renal failure & insufficiency. Mild to
moderate HTN. Severe hypercalcemia. Adjunct to other antihypertensive
agents.
  
 ACTION:
 Rapid-acting potent sulfonamide “loop” diuretic and antihypertensive
with pharmacologic effects and uses almost identical to those of ethacrynic
acid. Exact mode of action not clearly defined; decreases renal vascular
resistance and may increase renal blood flow.

 CONTRAINDICATION:
 Severe renal or hepatic dysfunction. Addison's disease. Electrolyte
imbalance.
 ADVERSE REACTIONS:

• Fluid & electrolyte imbalance including :

 NURSING CONSIDERATION:
 Do not administer discolored solution or tablets.
 PO: May be taken with food or milk to minimize gastric irritation.
Tablets may be crushed if the patients has difficulty swallowing.
SPIRONOLACTONE(ALDACTONE)

 CLASSIFICATION:
 Diuretics

 
 INDICATIONS:
 Counteract potassium loss caused by other diuretics . Used with
other agents to treat edema or hypertension.
 
 ACTION:
 Inhibitionof sodium re-absorption in the kidney while saving
potassium and hydrogen ions

 CONTRAINDICATION: 
 Hypersensitivity; Hyperkalemia; anuria, acute renal
insufficiency.
 ADVERSE REACTIONS:
 Dizziness,
 clumsiness,
 headache,
 constipation,
 nausea,
 vomiting,
 breast tenderness,
 irregular menses,
 voice deepening.
 
 DOSAGE:
 Adults: PO: Edema-25-200mg/day in 1-2 divided doses.
 Diuretic Induced hypokalemia-25-100mg/day in 1-2 divided doses

 NURSING CONSIDERATION: 
 PO: Administer in A.M. to avoid interrupting sleep pattern.
 Administer with food or milk to minimize gastric irritation and to
increase bioavailability.
 
SODUIM BICARBONATE(CITROCARBONATE)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 anti ulcer agents
 INDICATIONS:
 PO,IV: Management of metabolic Acidosis; Used to
alkanalize urine and promote excretion of certain drugs in
over dosage situations; Antacids
 ACTION:
 Acts as an alkalinizing agent by releasing bicarbonate ions.
Following oral administration, releases bicarbonate, which is
capable of neutralizing gastric acid.
 CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 Metabolic or respiratory alkalosis; Hypocalcemia; Excessive
chloride loss; Patients on sodium restricted diets; renal
failure
 ADVERSE REACTIONS:
 Edema
 Flatulence
 Gastric distention

 DOSAGE:
 ALKALINIZATION OF URINE: 48 meq(4g) initially. Then
12-24 meq (1-2g) q 4hr.
 ANTACID: tab/powder-325mg-2g,1-4 times daily or ½ tsp. of
powder q 4 hr as needed
 NURSING CONSIDERATION:
 This medication may cause premature dissolution of enteric
coated tablets in the stomach.
 When used in treatment of peptic ulcers, may be
administered 1&3 hr after meals and at bedtime
 
CIPROFLOXACIN(CIPRO)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 anti-infectives
 
 INDICATIONS:
 Infections of the resp. tract, middle ear, sinuses, eyes, kidneys
&/or UTI, genital organs (including gonorrhea), abdominal cavity (eg
bacterial infections of the GIT, biliary tract, peritonitis), skin & soft
tissues, bones & joints; septicemia, infections in patients w/reduced
host defenses, selective gut decontamination.
 
 ACTION:
 Death of susceptible bacteria.
 
 CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 Hypersensitivity. Cross sensitivity among agents within class may
occur.
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
• Nausea,
• diarrhea,
• vomiting,
• abdominal pain,
• flatulence
• anorexia.
• Dizziness,
• headache,
• tiredness,
• agitation
• trembling.
• Skin rashes,
• drug fever.
• Joint pains.

DOSAGE:
Tab 
Uncomplicated upper & lower UTI 100-125 mg bid. 
Complicated urinary & resp tract infections (eg bronchitis) 250-500 mg bid. 
 
NURSING CONSIDERATION: 
If
gastric irritation occurs, ciprofloxacin may be administered with meals
Do confuse norfloxacin with norflex
 
CLONIDINE(CATAPRES)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 anti hypertensives
 INDICATIONS:
 PO,Transdermal: Management of mild to moderate
hypertension. 
 ACTION:
 Decreased Blood Pressure, Decreased pain
 CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 Hypersensitivity; Epidural- injection, anti coagulant
therapy 
 
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
•  Dizziness,
• headache,
• sedation,
• depression,
• hallucination,
• decreased libido,
• nightmare,
• sleep disorder,
• nasal dryness,
• rash,
• fatigue,
• constipation,
• nausea, ,
• vomiting.
 
DOSAGE:
Adult; PO: HPN -100 mcg bid, increase by 100-200mcg/day in 2-4days; Usual maintenance
dose is 200-600 mcg/day in 2-3 divided doses.

NURSING CONSIDERATION:
PO: Administer last dose of the day at the bedtime
Transdermal: Transdermal system should be applied once every 7 days. May be applied to
any hairless site; avoid cuts or calluses
 
 
CALCIUM CARBONATE(MAALOX)
  CLASSIFICATION:
 Mineral and electrolyte replacements/supplements
 
 INDICATIONS:
 PO, I.V.: Treatment and prevention of hypocalcemia , May be used
as an antacid.
 
 ACTION:
 Essential for nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. Maintain cell
membrane and capillary permeability.; for bone formation and
blood coagulation. Control of hyperphostemia in end-stage renal
dse’s without promoting aluminum absorption.
 
 CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 Hypercalcemia, Renal Calculi. Ventricular Fibrilation  
 
 ADVERSE REACTIONS: 
• tingling
• arrhythmias
• bradycardia
• constipation
• nausea
• vomiting

 DOSAGE: 
 Adults: PO; Prevention of hypocalcemia, treatment of depletion
-1-2g/day 

 NURSING CONSIDERATION:
 PO: Administer calcium carbonate or phosphate 1-1.5 hr. after
meals and at bed time.
 Follow oral doses with a full glass of water, Administer on an
empty stomach to optimize effectiveness.
SIMVASTATIN(ZOCOR)
  CLASSIFICATION:
 Lipid lowering agents 
 
 INDICATIONS: 
 Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events(decreased risk of MI,
stroke, and cardio vascular mortality) in patients with clinically evident
CHD or those at high risk for CHD.
 
 ACTION:
 Lowers total and LDL cholesterol. Slightly increase HDL.. Slows the
progression of coronary atherosclerosis with resultant decrease in CHD.

 CONTRAINDICATIONS:
 Hypersensitivity; Active liver dse, OB/LACTATION: pregnancy or
lactation
• ADVERSE REACTIONS:

•  Dizziness
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Weakness
• Chest pain
• Abdominal cramps
• Constipation 
• Diarrhea
• Flatus
• Heartburn
• Nausea 

 DOSAGE:
Adults PO: 5-80 mg once daily in the evening

 NURSING CONSIDERATION: 
Avoid Large amounts of grape fruit juice during therapy; may increase risk of
toxicity
Administer extended release tablets at bed time. Extended release tablets should be
swallowed whole.
 
EPOETIN(ERYTHROPOIETIN)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 anti anemics
 INDICATIONS:
 Anemia associated with chronic renal failure. Reduction
of need for transfusions after surgery.
 ACTION:
 Maintains and may elevate RBC’s, decreasing the need
for transfusions.
 CONTRAINDICATION:
 Hypersensitivityto albumin or mammalian cell-derived
products. Uncontrolled HPN.
ADVERSE REACTIONS: 
Headache
Hypertensions
Transient rashes 

DOSAGE:
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE-subcut, IV -50-100 units/kg 3 times
weekly initially, then adjust dose based on hematocrit.

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
Do not shake the vial; inactivation of medication may occur. discard vial
immediately after drawing dose from single use.
Transfusions are still required for severe symptomatic anemia. Supplemental iron
should be initiated and continue throughout therapy
 
 
 
FENOFIBRATE(ANTARA)
 CLASSIFICATION:
 Lipid lowering Agents 
 
 INDICATION:
 With dietary therapy to decrease LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol,
and triglycerides.
 
 ACTION:
 Lowering of cholesterol and triglycerides with subsequent decreased
risk of pancreatitis
 
 CONTRAINDICATION:
 Hypersensitivity; severe hepatic and renal impairment. Unexplained
persistent liver function abnormality and primary biliary cirrhosis;
preexisting gall bladder disease. Pregnancy, lactation
ADVERSE REACTIONS: 
• Headache,
• dizziness
• fatigue,
• arrhythmia,
• dizziness,
• vaginitis,,
• rhinitis,
• cough,
• sinusitis,,
• polyuria,

DOSAGE:
Antara-43mg/day; Lofibra -67 mg/day, Tricor-48mg/day
 
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS: 
Patients should be placed on a triglyceride lowering diet before therapy
and remain on this diet throughout therapy.
Brands are not interchangeable