Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 405 views

    The Halogens v1.0

    Uploaded by

    Supadi Rahdi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    The Halogens v1.0

    Uploaded by

    Supadi Rahdi
    405 views37 pages

    Original Title

    13. The Halogens v1.0.ppt

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    405 views37 pages

    The Halogens v1.0

    Uploaded by

    Supadi Rahdi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    1 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    2 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Group 7 the halogens


    The elements in group 7 of the periodic table, on the right,
    are called the halogens.
    F

    fluorine

    Cl

    chlorine

    Br

    bromine

    I
    At

    3 of 37

    iodine
    astatine

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What are the halogens?

    4 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Why are they called the halogens?


    Halogens are very reactive non metals.
    They are all toxic or harmful
    because they are so reactive.
    Before antiseptics, iodine was
    used to clean wounds as it is
    harmful to all things, including
    bacteria.
    They are also never found free in nature because of their
    reactivity they are found as compounds with metals.
    These halogen-metal compounds are salts, which give
    halogens their name halo-gen means salt-former.

    5 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What is the electron structure of the halogens?


    All halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell.
    This means that:
    fluorine
    They can easily obtain a
    2,7
    full outer shell by gaining
    one electron.
    They all gain an electron
    in reactions to form
    negative ions with a -1
    charge.
    They have similar
    chemical properties.

    6 of 37

    chlorine
    2,8,7

    bromine
    2,8,8,7

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    How do halogen molecules exist?


    All halogen atoms require one more electron to obtain a full
    outer shell and become stable.
    Each atom can achieve this by sharing one electron with
    another atom to form a single covalent bond.

    This means that all halogens exist as diatomic molecules:


    F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.

    7 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    8 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What are the general properties of the halogens?


    All the halogens are:
    non-metals and so do not conduct electricity
    brittle and crumbly when solid
    poisonous and smelly.
    They become darker in colour down the group:
    is pale yellow
    is green-yellow
    is red-brown
    is blue-black.
    9 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What is the physical state of the halogens?


    The melting and boiling points of the halogens increase
    down the group, as the molecules become bigger.
    Halogen

    Relative
    size

    Melting
    point (C)

    Boiling
    point (C)

    State

    -220

    -118

    gas

    -101

    -34

    gas

    -7

    59

    liquid

    114

    184

    solid

    What is the state of each halogen at room temperature?


    10 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Melting and boiling points of halogens

    11 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Halogen vapours
    Bromine and iodine are not gaseous, but have low boiling
    points. This means that they produce vapour at relatively
    low temperature. They are volatile.

    Bromine produces some


    red-brown vapour, seen
    here above the liquid
    bromine in the jar.
    12 of 37

    When iodine is heated gently, it


    changes directly from a solid to a
    gas without first becoming a liquid.
    This is called sublimation.
    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    True or false?

    13 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    14 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    How do the halogens react with metals?


    The reactivity of halogens means that they readily react with
    most metals.
    Halogens need to gain electrons for a full electron shell and
    metals need to lose electrons for a full electron shell.
    This means that halogens and metals react to form ionic
    compounds.
    These are metal halides, which are a type of salt.

    nickel (II) chloride


    15 of 37

    copper (II) chloride


    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What are halides?


    When halogens react with another substance, they become
    negative ions, as they are gaining an extra electron.
    When this happens, they are called halides.
    The name of each of the halogens changes slightly once
    it has reacted instead of ending with ine, they end
    with -ide.
    Halogen

    16 of 37

    reaction

    Halide

    (F)

    fluoride (F-)

    (Cl)

    chloride (Cl-)

    (Br)

    bromide (Br-)

    (I)

    iodide (I-)
    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Halogens reacting with iron wool

    17 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What is the order of reactivity?

    18 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What is the reactivity of the halogens?

    decrease in reactivity

    The iron wool experiment shows that the reactivity of


    halogens decreases as you go down the group.
    Halogen

    Reaction with iron wool


    Iron wool burns and glows brightly.
    Iron wool glows but less brightly than
    with chlorine.
    Iron wool has a very slight glow.

    Astatine is the halogen that appears directly below iodine in


    the periodic table.
    How do you think astatine would react with iron wool?
    19 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Equations of halogens and iron


    When a halogen reacts with iron it forms an iron halide:
    halogen

    iron

    iron (III) halide

    The word and chemical equations for the reaction between


    chlorine and iron are:
    iron (III)
    chlorine + iron

    chloride
    3Cl2 (g)

    2Fe (s)

    2FeCl3 (s)

    What would the equation be for the reaction that forms


    iron (III) bromide?

    20 of 37

    bromine

    iron

    iron (III)
    bromide

    3Br2 (g)

    2Fe (s)

    2FeBr3 (s)
    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    The reactivity of alkali metals decreases going down the


    group. What is the reason for this?
    The atoms of each element get
    F
    larger going down the group.
    This means that the outer shell gets
    further away from the nucleus and
    is shielded by more electron shells.
    Cl
    The further the outer shell is from
    the positive attraction of the
    nucleus, the harder it is to attract
    another electron to complete the
    outer shell.
    Br
    This is why the reactivity of the
    halogens decreases going down
    group 7.
    21 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    decrease in reactivity

    How does electron structure affect reactivity?

    How do the halogens react with non-metals?


    Halogens also react with non-metals.
    For example, halogens react with hydrogen to create
    hydrogen halides.

    hydrogen

    Cl

    chlorine

    Cl

    hydrogen chloride

    Unlike their reactions with metals, halogens share electrons


    with non-metals, and so react to form covalent compounds.
    All hydrogen halides are gases. They dissolve easily in
    water and become strong acids.
    22 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Displacement of halogens
    If a halogen is added to a solution of a compound containing a
    less reactive halogen, it will react with the compound and form
    a new one.
    This is called displacement.
    fluorine

    sodium
    chloride

    F2 (aq)

    2NaCl (aq)

    sodium
    fluoride

    chlorine

    2NaF (aq)

    Cl2 (aq)

    A more reactive halogen will always displace a less reactive


    halide from its compounds in solution.

    23 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Displacement of halogens
    Why will a halogen always displace a less reactive halogen?

    24 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Displacement theory
    If a metal halide is mixed with a more reactive halogen,
    the extra electron will be transferred from the less reactive
    to the more reactive halogen.

    --

    chlorine
    chloride

    sodium
    Na

    Cl

    fluorine
    fluoride

    25 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Displacement reactions of halogens

    26 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Displacement reactions: summary


    The reactions between solutions of halogens and metal
    halides (salts) can be summarised in a table:
    salt (aq) potassium
    chloride
    halogen
    chlorine
    bromine

    no reaction

    iodine

    no reaction

    27 of 37

    potassium
    bromide

    potassium
    iodide

    2KCl + Br2

    2KCl + I2
    2KBr + I2

    no reaction

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Is there a displacement reaction?

    28 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Reactions of halogens: summary

    29 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    30 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What are the uses of halogens?


    How many everyday uses of halogens can you see below?

    31 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What are the uses of halogens?

    32 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    What are the uses of halogens?

    33 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    34 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Glossary
    diatomic Molecules that exist as two atoms covalently
    bonded together.

    displacement The reaction when a more reactive

    halogen reacts with a compound containing a less reactive


    halogen.
    halide The name of a halogen when it has reacted with
    another substance and gained a full outer electron shell.
    halogen An element that belongs to group 7 of the
    periodic table.
    hydrogen halide A compound formed from the reaction
    between hydrogen and a halogen.
    metal halide A compound formed from the reaction
    between a metal and a halogen.
    sublime To change from a solid to a gas without first
    becoming a liquid.
    volatile A substance that evaporates or produces vapour
    at relatively low temperatures.
    35 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Anagrams

    36 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    Multiple-choice quiz

    37 of 37

    Boardworks Ltd 2007

    You might also like