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    Monosaccharides Disaccharides

    Uploaded by

    anujaa19
    Edexcel AS Biology Unit 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Monosaccharides Disaccharides

    Uploaded by

    anujaa19
    340 views10 pages
    Edexcel AS Biology Unit 1

    Original Title

    Monosaccharides-Disaccharides

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Edexcel AS Biology Unit 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    340 views10 pages

    Monosaccharides Disaccharides

    Uploaded by

    anujaa19
    Edexcel AS Biology Unit 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    1 of 30

    Boardworks Ltd 2008

    Introducing carbohydrates
    Carbohydrates are a group of substances used as both
    energy sources and structural materials in organisms.
    All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen,
    with the general formula: Cx(H2O)y.
    There are three main groups of carbohydrates:

    monosaccharides these are simple sugars, with the


    general formula (CH20)n, where n can be 37

    disaccharides these are double sugars, formed


    from two monosaccharides

    polysaccharides these are large molecules formed


    from many monosaccharides.
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    Boardworks Ltd 2008

    Glucose
    Glucose is an abundant and very important monosaccharide.
    It contains six carbon atoms so it is a hexose sugar. Its
    general formula is C6H12O6.
    Glucose is the major energy source for most cells. It is highly
    soluble and is the main form in which carbohydrates are
    transported around the body of animals.
    The structure of glucose can be represented in different ways:

    straight chain
    3 of 30

    ring

    ring (simplified)
    Boardworks Ltd 2008

    Alpha and beta glucose


    Glucose exists in different forms called structural isomers.
    Two common isomers are alpha glucose and beta glucose.

    alpha
    glucose

    1
    3

    beta
    glucose

    The only difference between these two isomers is the position


    of the OH group attached to carbon 1. In alpha glucose it is
    below the carbon and in beta glucose it is above the carbon.
    This minor structural difference has a major effect on the
    biological roles of alpha and beta glucose.
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    Fructose and galactose


    Two other important hexose monosaccharides are fructose
    and galactose.

    fructose

    galactose

    Fructose is very soluble and is the main sugar in fruits and


    nectar. It is sweeter than glucose.
    Galactose is not as soluble as glucose and has an important
    role in the production of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
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    Pentoses
    Pentose monosaccharides contain five carbon atoms. Like
    hexoses, pentoses are long enough to form a ring.
    Two important pentose molecules are the structural isomers
    ribose and deoxyribose. These are important constituents
    of RNA and DNA.
    5

    5
    1

    4
    3

    ribose

    4
    3

    deoxyribose

    The only difference between them is that ribose has one


    H atom and one OH group attached to carbon 2,
    whereas deoxyribose has 2 H atoms and no OH group.
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    The formation of disaccharides

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    Maltose, sucrose and lactose


    Maltose (malt sugar) is
    formed from two glucose
    molecules joined by an
    alpha 14 glycosidic bond.

    Sucrose (table sugar) is


    formed from glucose and
    fructose joined by an
    alpha 14 glycosidic bond.
    Lactose (milk sugar) is
    formed from galactose
    and glucose joined by a
    beta 14 glycosidic bond.
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    Benedicts test for reducing sugars

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    Mono- and disaccharides

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    Boardworks Ltd 2008

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