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    Recovery Recrystallization Grain Growth

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    Srinivas Ds
    The document discusses various microstructural transformations in materials including recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. It defines these processes and explains how they relate to each other. Recovery occurs at lower annealing temperatures and involves the absorption of excess point defects and annihilation of dislocations. Recrystallization happens at higher temperatures and results in the nucleation and growth of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and is driven by a reduction in grain boundary energy through larger grains growing at the expense of smaller ones. These microstructural transformations are important because they alter the mechanical properties of materials.

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    Recovery Recrystallization Grain Growth

    Uploaded by

    Srinivas Ds
    154 views16 pages
    The document discusses various microstructural transformations in materials including recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. It defines these processes and explains how they relate to each other. Recovery occurs at lower annealing temperatures and involves the absorption of excess point defects and annihilation of dislocations. Recrystallization happens at higher temperatures and results in the nucleation and growth of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and is driven by a reduction in grain boundary energy through larger grains growing at the expense of smaller ones. These microstructural transformations are important because they alter the mechanical properties of materials.

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    The document discusses various microstructural transformations in materials including recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. It defines these processes and explains how they relate to each other. Recovery occurs at lower annealing temperatures and involves the absorption of excess point defects and annihilation of dislocations. Recrystallization happens at higher temperatures and results in the nucleation and growth of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and is driven by a reduction in grain boundary energy through larger grains growing at the expense of smaller ones. These microstructural transformations are important because they alter the mechanical properties of materials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    154 views16 pages

    Recovery Recrystallization Grain Growth

    Uploaded by

    Srinivas Ds
    The document discusses various microstructural transformations in materials including recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. It defines these processes and explains how they relate to each other. Recovery occurs at lower annealing temperatures and involves the absorption of excess point defects and annihilation of dislocations. Recrystallization happens at higher temperatures and results in the nucleation and growth of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and is driven by a reduction in grain boundary energy through larger grains growing at the expense of smaller ones. These microstructural transformations are important because they alter the mechanical properties of materials.

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    of 16

    Now let us consider some microstructural

    transformations

    Recovery, Recrystallization & Grain Growth


    Part of

    MATERIALS SCIENCE
    & AALearners
    LearnersGuide
    Guide
    ENGINEERING
    AN INTRODUCTORY E-BOOK

    Anandh Subramaniam & Kantesh Balani


    Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
    Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur- 208016
    Email: [email protected], URL: home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh
    http://home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh/E-book.htm

    We had noted the following in our introduction to phase


    transformations

    Phase Transformations
    Microstructural Transformations

    When one phase transforms to another phase it is called phase transformation.

    Often the word phase transition is used to describe transformations where there is no change in composition.

    In a phase transformation we could be concerned about phases defined based on:


    Structure e.g. cubic to tetragonal phase
    Property e.g. ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase
    es
    ases
    PPhhas

    ure
    re
    ctu
    ruct
    stru
    rost
    icro
    M
    Mic

    s
    rmaatitioonns
    form
    nssfo
    ra
    ra
    T
    T
    l
    ra
    ra
    tu
    uc tu
    rossttrru
    icro
    M
    Mic

    Phase transformations could be classified based on:


    atitioons
    rannssffoorm
    Tra
    sess T
    Phaase
    Kinetic: Mass transport Diffusional or Diffusionless
    Thermodynamic: Order (of the transformation) 1st order, 2nd order, higher order.

    Often subtler aspects are considered under the preview of transformations.


    E.g. (i) roughening transition of surfaces, (ii) coherent to semi-coherent transition of interfaces.

    Phase transformations are associated with change in one or more properties.

    Hence for microstructure dependent properties we would like to additionally worry about subtler transformations,
    which involve defect structure and stress state (apart from phases).

    Therefore the broader subject of interest is Microstructural Transformations.

    We now take up three microstructural transformations: Recovery, Recrystallization & Grain Growth

    We now introduce a technical term called Cold Work. We will arrive at a formal definition of
    the term at the end of this topic.
    For now we use a working definition of cold work as: Plastic deformation in the temperature
    range (0.3 0.5) Tm COLD WORK
    During cold work the point defect density (vacancies, self interstitials) and dislocation
    density increase. Typical cold working techniques are rolling, forging, extrusion etc.
    Cold working is typically done on ductile metals (e.g. Al, Cu, Ni)
    point defect density
    Cold work
    dislocation density
    Point defects and dislocations have strain energy associated with them.
    (1 -10) % of the energy expended in plastic deformation typically is stored in the form of
    strain energy (in these defects) The material becomes battery of energy!
    The cold worked material is in a microstructurally metastable state.
    Depending on the severity of the cold work the dislocation density can increase 4-6 orders
    of magnitude or more. The material becomes stronger, but less ductile.

    Annealed material
    Stronger material
    Cold work

    6
    9
    dislocation ~ (10 10 )
    dislocation ~ (1012 1014 )

    The cold worked material is stronger (harder), but is brittle (as noted before).
    Heating the material (typically below 0.5 Tm) is and holding for sufficient time is a heat
    treatment process called annealing.
    Depending on the temperature of annealing processes like Recovery (at lower temperatures)
    or Recrystallization (at higher temperatures) may take place. During these processes the
    material tends to go from a microstructurally metastable state to a lower energy state (towards
    a stable state).
    Further annealing of the recrystallized material can lead to grain growth.

    Cold work

    point defect density


    dislocation density

    Anneal

    Increase in strength
    of the material

    Softening of the material

    Low T
    Cold work

    Material tends to lose


    the stored strain energy

    Recovery

    Anneal
    High T

    Recrystallization

    Overview of processes taking place during annealing of cold worked material and the driving
    force for these processes

    Cold work

    Anneal

    Recovery

    Driving force is free energy stored in dislocations

    Driving force is free energy stored in


    point defects and dislocations

    Recrystallization

    Driving force is free energy stored in grain boundaries

    Grain growth

    It should be noted that the driving force cited above is a global (thermodynamic) driving force. If the
    process will actually takes place will depend on the local conditions. I.e. both global and local criteria
    have to be satisfied if these processes have to take place.

    Strength
    Hardness
    Cold work
    Electrical resistance
    Ductility
    Changes occur to almost all physical and mechanical properties
    X-Ray diffraction:
    Laue patterns of single crystals show pronounced asterism
    due to lattice curvatures
    Debye-Scherrer photographs show line broadening
    Residual stresses + deformations

    Recovery
    Recovery takes place at low temperatures of annealing
    Apparently no change in microstructure
    Excess point defects created during Cold work are absorbed:
    at surface or grain boundaries
    by dislocation climb
    Random dislocations of opposite sign come together and annihilate each other
    Dislocations of same sign arrange into low energy configurations:
    Edge Tilt boundaries
    Screw Twist boundaries
    POLYGONIZATION
    Overall reduction in dislocation density is small

    POLYGONIZATION

    Ra
    nd

    Bent crystal

    Po
    lyg

    om

    d
    i sl o
    St cat
    r u io
    ct ns
    ur
    al (st
    di ati
    sl o st i
    ca ca
    tio lly
    ns s t
    o

    re
    d)

    on
    iza

    tio
    n

    Low angle grain boundaries

    Recrystallization
    Trecrystallization (0.3 0.5) Tm
    Nucleation and growth of new, strain free crystals
    Nucleation of new grains in the usual sense may not be present and grain boundary migrates
    into a region of higher dislocation density
    G (recrystallization) = G (deformed material) G (undeformed material)
    TRecrystallization is the temperature at which 50 % of the material recrystallizes in 1 hour

    Region of higher
    dislocation density
    Direction of grain
    boundary migration

    Region of lower
    dislocation density

    Further points about recrystallization


    Increased deformation (cold work) leads to a decrease in recrystallization temperature
    (Trecrystallization).
    If the initial grain size is smaller then the recrystallization temperature is lower.
    Higher amount of cold work + low initial grain size leads to finer recrystallized grains.
    Higher temperature of working, lower strain energy stored, which will lead to a higher
    recrystallization temperature
    The rate of recrystallization is an exponential function of temperature. But, as the
    recrystallization process is a complex one (combination of many processes), the activation
    energy cannot be treated as a fundamental constant.
    The Trecrystallization is a strong function of the purity of the material.
    For very pure materials Trecrystallization is about 0.3 Tm
    [Trecrystallization (99.999% pure Al) ~ 75oC ]
    For impure materials Trecrystallization ~ (0.5 0.6) Tm
    [Trecrystallization (commercial purity) ~ 275oC].
    The impurity atoms segregate to the grain boundary and retard their motion Solute drag
    (can be used to retain strength of materials at high temperatures).
    Second phase particles can also be used to pin down the grain boundary and impede its
    migration.

    Hot Work and Cold Work

    Hot Work Plastic deformation above TRecrystallization


    Cold Work Plastic deformation below TRecrystallization

    Hot Work

    Often the range is further subdivided into Hot, Cold and Warm working as in the figure

    Cold Work

    Warm
    working

    0.9
    Tm
    0.8
    Tm
    0.7
    Tm
    0.6
    Tm
    0.5
    Tm
    0.4
    Tm
    0.3
    Tm
    0.2
    Tm
    0.1
    Tm

    When a metal is hot worked, the conditions of deformation are


    such that the sample is soft and ductile. The effects of strain
    hardening are negated by dynamic and static processes (which keep
    the sample ductile).
    The lower limit of temperature for hot working is taken as 0.6 Tm.

    Recrystallization temperature (~ 0.4 Tm)

    The effects of strain hardening is not negated. Recovery mechanisms


    involve mainly motion of point defects.
    Upper limit 0.3 Tm.

    Grain growth
    The growth of larger grains at the expense of smaller ones, leading to the increase in the
    average grain size is termed as grain growth.
    Grain growth is Globally driven by reduction in grain boundary energy (per unit volume).
    Locally grain growth is driven by bond maximization (coordination number maximization).
    This can be visualized as in the schematics as below. The smaller grains have a larger
    curvature. Let us assume that a small grain G1 is in contact with a larger grain G2. Due to
    higher curvature an atom at the grain boundary (from G1 side) is bonded to less number of
    atoms (3 in the schematic), while a similar atom on the G2 side is bonded to more number of
    atoms (4 in the schematic). The system can lower its energy by the jump of an atom from G1
    to G2. Such jumps lead to the shift (migration) in the GB towards the smaller grain (G1 in
    the current example). This leads to a shrinkage of the smaller grain (at the benefit of the
    larger grain).
    JUMP

    Bonded to
    4 atoms

    Direction of grain
    boundary migration

    Bonded to
    3 atoms

    G1

    G1

    Electical conductivity
    Internal stress

    Tensile strength
    Ductility
    Cold work

    Recovery

    Recrystallization

    Grain growth

    Bonded to
    4 atoms

    Bonded to
    3 atoms
    Direction of grain
    boundary migration
    JUMP

    Boundary moves towards its


    centre of curvature

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