Lecture - 1 Psa

EE 369
Power Systems Engineering

Lecture 1
Introduction
Simple Power System

Every large-scale power system has three
major components:
generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
load or demand: consumes power; ideally with a
constant resistive value
transmission system: transmits power; ideally
as a perfect conductor
Additional components include:

distribution system: local reticulation of power
(may be in place of transmission system in case of
microgrid),
control equipment: coordinate supply with load.
2
Complications
No ideal voltage sources exist.
Loads are seldom constant and are
typically not entirely resistive.
Transmission system has resistance,
inductance, capacitance and flow
limitations.
Simple system has no redundancy so
power system will not work if any
component fails.
3
Power
Power:
Instantaneous rate of consumption of
energy,
How hard you work!
Power = voltage x current for dc
Power Units:
Watts = amps times volts (W)
kW
1 x 103 Watt
MW
1 x 106 Watt
GW
1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
Maximum load of Austin about 2500 MW.
Maximum load of UT campus about 50 MW.
Energy
Energy:
Integration of power over time,
Energy is what people really want from a power
system,
How much work you accomplish over time.
Energy Units:
Joule
=
1 watt-second (J)
kWh
kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)

Btu
1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh

U.S. annual electric energy consumption is about
3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person,
which means on average we each use 1.5 kW of
5
power
continuously).
Power System Examples

Interconnection: can range from quite
small, such as an island, to one covering
half the continent:
there are four major interconnected ac power
systems in North America (five, if you count
Alaska), each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in

weight is primary consideration; frequency
is 400 Hz.
Ships and submarines.
Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard and
higher voltages used in electric vehicles.
Battery operated portable systems.
North America
Interconnections
Electric Systems in Energy

Context
Class focuses on electric power systems,
but we first need to put the electric system
in context of the total energy delivery
system.
Electricity is used primarily as a means for
energy transportation:
Use other (primary) sources of energy to
create electricity, and electricity is usually
converted into another form of energy when
used.
Electricity is used by transforming into another
form of energy.
About 40% of US energy is transported in

electric form.
8
Electricity Generation Sources in

US 2012
Wind
by energy
Hydroelectric
Coal
Nuclear
Natural gas
Source: EIA 2013
Energy Economics
Electric generating technologies involve a
tradeoff between fixed costs (primarily
capital costs to build them) and operating
costs:
Nuclear, wind, and solar high fixed costs, but low
operating costs,
Natural gas has low fixed costs but relatively high
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal in between (although recent low natural gas
prices has meant that some coal plants have
higher operating costs than some natural gas).
Total average costs depend on fixed costs,

operating costs, and capacity factor (ratio of
average power production to capacity).
10
Ball park operating Costs

Nuclear: $10/MWh
Coal: $40/MWh (some coal considerably lower)
Wind:
couple $/MWh (maintenance and
operating)
Hydro:
few $/MWh (maintenance and operating)
Solar:
$0/MWh
Natural Gas:
cost in $/MWh is 7 to 20 times fuel cost in
$/MBtu;
for example, with $8/MBtu gas, cost is $56/MWh
to $160/MWh; with $5/Mbtu gas, cost is $35/MWh
to $100/MWh.
Note, to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh
and divide by 10.
11
Future mix of sources.

Likely long-term low costs of gas and advent of
greatly increased renewables has already
changed the mix in Texas away from coal and
towards gas and wind:
Wind already over 10% of electrical energy in Texas,
Coal traditionally in service throughout year, but
Texas asset owners may only run some coal in
Summer.
Expect the trend to continue, especially if the US

(eventually) enacts climate change legislation.
Goals of Power System

Operation
Supply load (users) with electricity at
specified voltage (120 ac volts common
for residential),
specified frequency,
at minimum cost consistent with
operating constraints, safety, etc.
13
Major Impediments
Load is constantly changing:
14
Electricity is not storable (stored by

conversion to other forms of energy),
Power system is subject to disturbances,
such as lightning strikes.
Engineering tradeoffs between reliability
and cost.
15
Hour of Year
8273
7756
7239
6722
6205
5688
5171
4654
4137
3620
3103
2586
2069
1552
1035
518
MW Load
Example Yearly Electric

Load
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Brief History of Electric

Power
Early 1880s Edison introduced Pearl Street
dc system in Manhattan supplying 59
customers.
1884 Sprague produces practical dc motor.
1885 invention of transformer.
Mid 1880s Westinghouse/Tesla introduce
rival ac system.
Late 1880s Tesla invents ac induction
motor.
1893 First 3 phase transmission line
operating at 2.3 kV.
16
History, contd
1896 ac lines deliver electricity from
hydro generation at Niagara Falls to
Buffalo, 20 miles away.
Early 1900s Private utilities supply all
customers in area (city); recognized as a
natural monopoly (cheapest for one firm
to produce everything because of
economies of scale); states step in to
begin regulation.
By 1920s Large interstate holding
companies control most electricity
systems.
17
History, contd
1935 Congress passes Public Utility
Holding Company Act to establish
national regulation, breaking up large
interstate utilities (repealed 2005).
1935/6 Rural Electrification Act
brought electricity to rural areas.
1930s Electric utilities established
as vertical monopolies.
18
History, contd 1990s &

2000s
Major opening of industry to competition
occurred as a result of National Energy Policy
Act of 1992.
This act mandated that utilities provide
nondiscriminatory access to the high voltage
transmission.
Goal was to set up true competition in
generation.
Texas followed suit in 1996 and 1999.
Result over the last few years has been a
dramatic restructuring of electric utility industry
(for better or worse!)
19
Utility Restructuring
Driven by significant regional variations in
electric rates, reflecting variations in generation
stock and endowments of natural resources.
Goal of competition is to reduce prices and
increase efficiency:
(in short term) through the introduction of
competition, and
(in long term) competitions incentives for
technological innovation.
Allow consumers to choose their electricity

supplier.
20
State Variation in Retail Electricity Prices
21

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EE 369

Power Systems Engineering

Simple Power System

Additional components include:

Power = voltage x current for dc

kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)

1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh

Power System Examples

Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in

Electric Systems in Energy

About 40% of US energy is transported in

Electricity Generation Sources in

Source: EIA 2013

Total average costs depend on fixed costs,

Ball park operating Costs

Future mix of sources.

Expect the trend to continue, especially if the US

Goals of Power System

Electricity is not storable (stored by

Example Yearly Electric

Brief History of Electric

History, contd 1990s &

Allow consumers to choose their electricity

State Variation in Retail Electricity Prices

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