Anatomy of Maxilla and Mandible

Anatomy of Maxilla and Mandible
By:Dr. Syed Irfan Qadeer

Prof. And Head, Department of Anatomy
Sardar Patel Dental College, Lucknow.
Maxilla
It is the second largest bone of the face
It forms the upper jaw with the fellow of
the opposite side
It also contributes to the formation of
1. Floor of the nose and the orbit
2. Roof of the mouth
3. Lateral wall of the nose
4. Pterigopalatine and infratemporal fossae
5. Pterigomaxillary and infraorbital fissures
Anatomy of the maxilla

The anatomy of the maxilla has two
main parts:
1. Body(pyramidal shape)
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Orbital surface
Nasal surface
2. Processes
Zygomatic
Frontal
Alveolar
Palatine
Anterior Surface:
Incisive Fossa:
Depressor septi nasi
Orbicularis oris
Canine fossa:
Levator anguli oris
Infraorbital foramen (above canine fossa)

Infraorbital nerves and vessels
Above sharp border between anterior and

orbital surface:
Levator labi superioris
Nasal notch: Dilator Naris

Ant Nasal Spine
Posterior Surface
It is directed backwards and laterally
It forms anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa
Anterior and posterior surfaces are seperated by ridge
which leads to the socket of 1st molar tooth
Near the centre of posterior surface 2 to 3 openings of
dental canal for posterior superior alveolar vessels and
nerves
At the lower end there is a raised maxillary tubrosity
which is rough in the upper part of its medial end for
tubercle of the palatine bone which has the attachment of
superficial fibres of themedial pterigoid muscles
Above this smooth surface which forms the boundry of the
ptrigopalatine fossa is grooved for the maxillary nerve,
this groove is contineous with the infra orbital groove
Orbital surface
Smooth and triangular
Medial border
Notch: lacrimal notch
Behind this it articulates with the
Lacrimal
Orbital plate of ethmoid
Orbital process of palatine
Posterior border: Smooth, rounded and it forms greater part

of infraorbital fissure in middle infraorbital groove
Anterior border: forms orbital margin ,infraorbital groove and
canal; a little lateral to this is canalis sinuosus which passes
in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and reaches in the
nasal cavity and opens in the side of the nasal septum in
front of incisive canal
A little lateral to the lacrimal groove there is attachment of
inferior oblique muscle of eveball
Nasal Surface
In its upper posterior part there is a large
maxillary hiatus which leads into the maxillary
sinus
In articulated skull this hiatus is completed by
ethmoid and lacrimal bones
Behind this there is a rough impression for the
perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Infront of maxillary hiatus there is a lacrimal
groove
More anteriorly concal crest for articulation
with inferior nasal concha
Maxillary Sinus
Large pyramidal cavity with its apex directed laterally
towards the zygomatic process
Base is towards the lateral wall of the nose
In articulated skull it is reduced by
Above
Uncinate process of ethmoid
Desending part of lacrimal bone
Below: inferior nasal concha

Behind: perpendicular plate of palatine
It opens into the middle meatus of the nose usually by
two openings one of which is closed by mucous
membrane in living state
Occasionally there are projections in the maxillary sinus
from roof to anterior wall
Processes
Zygomatic: it is rough and pyramidal
Front:it is contineous with the anterior
surface of body
Behind(concave):in continuity of the
posterior surface
Above: articulates with zygomatic bone
Below(arched border) which anterior
and posterior surface of the body
Frontal Process:
Lateral Surface:
Vertical ridge (Lacrimal crest)
Groove for the lacrimal sac
Medial surface: It is rough and uneven

and articulates with the ethmoid and also
closes the anterior ethmoidal sinus below
ethmoidal crest
Upper end: Articulates with the frontal bone
Anterior border with the nasal bone
Posterior border with the lacrimal bone
Alveolar processes: It has thick

arched border behind and contains
sockets to receive roots of teeth
which vary in size and depth
Canine deepest
Molar widest and subdivided into 3
minor sockets by septae
Incisors and premolars single
Occasionally incisors are divided into 2
sockes
Palatine Process: Thick strong horizontal

Inferior surface is concave and presents numerous
foramina for passage of nutrient vessels and
contains depressions for lodgement of glands
Groove for grater palatine Vessels and nerves
Incisive fossa leads into the incisive canal
Sometimes anterior and posterior incisive
foramen for long sphenopalatine nerve which
communicates with the greater palatine nerve
Upper surface: forms the floor of the nasal cavity
Lateral Border fuses with rest of the bone
Posterior border fuses with the horizontal plate of
the palatine
Muscles attached to maxilla
Muscles of face
Arterial supply
Maxillary Artery
Veinous drainage
Nerve Supply
Lymphatics
Age changes in Maxilla
Mandible
Largest and strongest bone of the
face
Curved horizontal body; convex
forwards
It has two rami which project upward
from posterior end of the body
The body is horse shoe shaped
External Surface
Faint ridge: symphisis menti
Mental protuberance in the triangular
area below sympisis menti
Mental tubercle on each side of
mental protruberance
Mental foramen between premolar
teeth
Oblique line
Internal Surface
Myelohyoid line
Sub mandibular fossa
Sub lingual fossa
Genial tubercle
Myelohyoid groove
Borders
Upper boder:
Sockets for the mandibular teeth are present
Lower border(Base) presents a digastric fossa

Ramus
Lateral Surface
Medial Surface
Mandibular foramen canal
Lingula- mylohyoid groove
Inferior border is continuous with the angle of

mandible
Upper Border: Mandibular Notch
Arterial Supply of Maxilla and

Mandible
Nerve supply of Mandible
Veinous drainage of
Mandible
Processes:
Condylar
Coronoid
Mandibular canal
Age changes in mandible
Applied Anatomy
Muscle injuries: Its cause and effects
Incisivus labii
Superioris:
During the exposure of
the bone of premaxilla
between the canines ,a
mucoperiosteal flap
reflection may detach
the muscle and if the
muscle gets damaged
the the drooping of the
septum and ala of the
nose may occur
Mylohyoid muscle
Surgical manupulation of the floor of the mouth may result
in edematous swelling of the sublingual space (above the
mylohyoid muscle )and submandibular space(below the
mylohyoid muscle)
Cellulitis of this sublingual space in quiet common
however excessive bilateral cellulitis of the sublingual
spaces may push the tongue backwards and compress the
pharynx and may result in airway obstruction
Genoiglossus muscle
During the elevationof
the lingual mucosa
before making an
impression for a
subperiosteal implant a
portion of the muscle
may be reflected from te
genial tubercle, however
if the muscle is
completly detached from
the tubercle it may lead
to retrusion of the
tongue and airway
obstruction
Medial pterigoid
The medial pterigoid muscle
binds the pterigomandibular
space medially ,during
surgical procedures
involving the area of
pterigomandibular space
infection may occour and
may be dangerous due to its
closed proximity to the
pharyngeal space
Surgical exposure of the
tissue posterior to the
maxillary tubrosity may also
involve the medial pterigoid
muscle as a part of the
muscle originates from the
maxillary tubrosity
Lateral pterigoid muscle

The lateral pterigoid muscle fibres are
placed in an angulated manner and
because of this there may be pain in
patients with a full arched subperiosteal
implant or prosthetic splint
Mentalis muscle:
Complete reflection of the
mentalis muscle for the
purpose of extension of a
subperiosteal implant may
result in a condition known
as witchs chin
There is failure of the

mentalis muscle
reattachment following the
implantation. An external
bandage is applied for four
days to help in the
reattachment of the muscle
Buccinator muscle:
Myositis of the detached buccinator
muscle in patients with subperiosteal
implants may cause swelling and pain at
the site of origin of the muscle
Nerve injuries
Inferior alveolar
nerve:
The nerve may be
damaged easily when
making an incision or
reflection of the
mucosa in its area
therefore position of
the inferior dental
canal in vertical and
buccolingual
dimension is of great
importance during
site preprations for
implants
Lingual nerve
The position of the
nerve is lateral to the
retromolar pad the
incision should remain
lateral to the pad and
the mucosal reflection
should be done with a
periosteal elevator in
constant contact with
the bone to prevent
injury to the nerve
Nerve to mylohyoid:
The nerve lies in closed relation to the
ramus of mandible hence it is prone to
get damaged during surgical
intervention
Long buccal
nerve:
When the
ramus is
accessed for
the purpose of a
block graft
excision great
care must be
take to protect
this nerve from
injury
Injury to vessels
Maxillary vessels:
During the surgical
orthognathic
procedures the major
nutrient artery of the
maxilla are
sometimes damaged,
but the blood supply
is maintained by
anastamosis present
in the soft palate
Thank You
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Anatomy of Maxilla and Mandible

By:Dr. Syed Irfan Qadeer

Anatomy of the maxilla

Infraorbital foramen (above canine fossa)

Above sharp border between anterior and

Nasal notch: Dilator Naris

Posterior border: Smooth, rounded and it forms greater part

Below: inferior nasal concha

Medial surface: It is rough and uneven

Alveolar processes: It has thick

Palatine Process: Thick strong horizontal

Muscles attached to maxilla

Age changes in Maxilla

Lower border(Base) presents a digastric fossa

Inferior border is continuous with the angle of

Arterial Supply of Maxilla and

Nerve supply of Mandible

Age changes in mandible

Lateral pterigoid muscle

There is failure of the

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