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    Environmental Injuries

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    Mozil Fadzil Kamarudin
    The document discusses heat and cold injuries, describing how they occur through mechanisms like radiation, conduction, and convection. It outlines conditions like heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hypothermia, frostbite, and burns, explaining their symptoms and appropriate first aid treatment, including cooling heat injuries and warming cold injuries. Those most susceptible to injuries are identified as the obese, unfit, dehydrated, ill, unacclimatized, young or elderly.

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    Environmental Injuries

    Uploaded by

    Mozil Fadzil Kamarudin
    47 views17 pages
    The document discusses heat and cold injuries, describing how they occur through mechanisms like radiation, conduction, and convection. It outlines conditions like heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hypothermia, frostbite, and burns, explaining their symptoms and appropriate first aid treatment, including cooling heat injuries and warming cold injuries. Those most susceptible to injuries are identified as the obese, unfit, dehydrated, ill, unacclimatized, young or elderly.

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    The document discusses heat and cold injuries, describing how they occur through mechanisms like radiation, conduction, and convection. It outlines conditions like heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hypothermia, frostbite, and burns, explaining their symptoms and appropriate first aid treatment, including cooling heat injuries and warming cold injuries. Those most susceptible to injuries are identified as the obese, unfit, dehydrated, ill, unacclimatized, young or elderly.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    47 views17 pages

    Environmental Injuries

    Uploaded by

    Mozil Fadzil Kamarudin
    The document discusses heat and cold injuries, describing how they occur through mechanisms like radiation, conduction, and convection. It outlines conditions like heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hypothermia, frostbite, and burns, explaining their symptoms and appropriate first aid treatment, including cooling heat injuries and warming cold injuries. Those most susceptible to injuries are identified as the obese, unfit, dehydrated, ill, unacclimatized, young or elderly.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    SPS 351

    SPORT INJURY MANAGEMENT


    AND STRENGTH TRAINING

    HEAT & COLD INJURIES


    Mohd Fadzil b. Hj. Kamarudin
    SR113 UiTM/INSTEDT
    Heat Injuries
    • Heat injuries can be brought about by exposure to a
    hot environment.
    • Body gains heat through;
    – Radiation (from the sun)
    – Conduction (uniforms)
    – Convection (air temperature higher than skin)
    – Metabolism (muscular exertion)
    • May lead to serious health conditions and even
    death.
    Heat Injuries
    • Heat Exhaustion
    – This is defined as a condition when the body has
    absorbed excessive heat through either
    conduction, radiation, convection and metabolism,
    and has caused considerable loss of water.
    – May lead to heat stroke if not treated immediately.
    – Symptoms include
    • excessive sweating,
    • headache,
    • nausea,
    • dizziness,
    • cool, pale and clammy skin,
    • normal or slightly lowered body temperature,
    • rapid, weak pulse.
    Heat Injuries
    • Heat Stroke
    – This is when the body enters a state of shock due
    to loss of fluids caused by heat gained through
    either conduction, radiation, convection and
    metabolism.
    – Can lead to coma or death.
    – Symptoms
    • Disorientation or unconsciousness,
    • Rapid, pounding pulse,
    • No sweating,
    • Hot, dry, reddish skin,
    • Drastic increase in in body temperature.
    Heat Injuries
    • Those who are susceptible to injury are
    – Obese
    – Unfit
    – Dehydrated
    – Illness
    – Not used to heat
    – Under 15 or over 40
    • Treatment for heat injuries
    – Bring to shaded area.
    – Fan, use wet towels to bring body temperature
    down.
    – Drink plenty of water when recovering.
    Cold Injuries
    • Cold injuries are caused by exposure to extreme cold
    temperatures and environment.
    • Cold temperatures will bring about heat loss through
    – Radiation (body temperature higher than surroundings)
    – Conduction (contact with cool water, object)
    – Convection (air temperature cooler than skin)
    – Evaporation (sweat)
    • Brings about condition called hypothermia.
    • Can lead to hypothermic shock, coma and death if
    not treated immediately.
    Cold Injuries
    • Hypothermia is defined as when the body’s core
    temperature drops to less than 35 degrees celsius
    • Mild hypothermia
    – Loss of coordination
    – Disorientation
    – Fatigue
    – Lowered heart rate and breathing
    – Violent shivering
    • Hypothermia
    – Shivering stops
    – Body loses its ability to regulate its temperature
    – Assistance needed to survive
    – Sleepiness
    • If body temperature drops below 30⁰C, the victim will
    be prone to ventricular dysrhythmias.
    • Hypothermia causes depression of the CNS,
    incoordination, confusion, lethargy and eventually
    coma.
    Cold Injuries
    • Treatment for hypothermia
    – Check ABC
    – Rewarm to return core temperature to normal levels
    • Rewarming methods
    – Passive rewarming
    • Removal from cold environment
    • Insulation
    – Active rewarming
    • Warm water immersion
    • Blankets
    • Hot water bottles
    • Forced air
    – Send to hospital
    Cold Injuries
    • Frostbite
    – Defined as localized skin damage caused by cold injury with or
    without associated factor.
    – Frostnip is less severe.
    • Clinical features
    – Occurs on any exposed skin surface and can leave severe scarring
    or loss of limbs organs.
    – Frostnip can be resolved through rewarming and leaves no tissue
    loss.
    • Emergency care
    – Rapid rewarming
    – Immerse extremity in gently circulating warm water (40-42 degrees
    celsius) for 10 to 30 minutes.
    – Do not rewarm with dry air
    – Send to hospital
    Burns
    • Burns are frightening and painful injuries,
    especially in severe cases. The first step is to
    reassure the victim and try to keep him or her
    calm. Move swiftly and decisively.
    • Definition and Clinical Features
    – 1st Degree Burns
    • Involves the epidermis only.
    • Painful, red and dry skin, no blisters (eg.
    sunburn)
    – 2nd Degree Burns
    • Involves the epidermis and varying
    levels of the dermis.
    • Painful, edema with blisters.
    – 3rd Degree Burns
    • Involves all layers of skin including blood
    vessels and nerve endings.
    • Painless, dry, black or white in colour,
    with edema.
    Treatment
    • Treatment for 1st Degree Burns
    – Place burned area in cold water.
    – Do not put salt or ice in the water.
    – If cannot immerse in cold water, pour the
    cold water over the affected area or use
    cloth or sponge to soak and squeeze water
    over the area.
    • Treatment for 2nd Degree Burns
    – Place burned area in cold water.
    – Do not put salt or ice in the water.
    – Place cold, wet dressings on the burn. Use
    only clean cloths or preferably sterile
    bandages.
    – Do not break the blisters on the affected
    skin. Do not put oil, butter or ointments on
    the burned area. Do not remove burned or
    blistered skin.
    – Call for ambulance and send to hospital
    immediately.
    • Treatment for 3rd Degree Burns
    – Do not remove burned clothes. Leave them
    on the skin.
    – If face is burned keep him or her sitting
    upright.
    – Make sure airway is kept open. Tilt the
    head back if necessary.
    – Call for ambulance and send to hospital
    immediately.
    • Risk Factors for Burns
    – Very young (infants) or very old individuals.
    – Children with cases of abuse.
    – Individuals who are immobile.
    – Neurological conditions or diseases.
    – Head trauma.
    • Complications
    – Thermal Burns
    • Renal failure
    • Hypothermia
    • Hypovolemic shock
    – Electrical Burns
    • Cardiopulmonary arrest

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