Database management in IPM

Praveen Rapaka

Contents
Introduction
Databases in India and Abroad
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

The simplest definition of the term 'database' is given in

Webster's dictionary as:
A comprehensive collection of related data organized for
convenient access, generally in a computer (Random House,
1996)
This term appeared in the late 1960s because of the evolution of
computer software and the need to distinguish the
specialized computer systems for the storage and
manipulation of data, called Database Management Systems
(DBMS)
It is in the science of Information Technology (IT)
(Neufeld and Cornog , 1986)
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 In the middle of the 1980s in Byelorussia (ex-USSR), a mainframe-oriented

database for Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) was
developed to optimize insecticide use in large areas.
During the 1960s in the UK, a network of 16 suction traps (Rothamsted
Insect Survey) was activated mainly for aphid monitoring ( Tatchell , 1991;
Knight et al., 1992).
The data collected by the Rothamsted Insect Survey were used to describe
fundamental factors affecting the dynamics of aphid populations and to
provide information on aphid control for growers and other pest managers.
Presently, there is a series of similar suction trap networks throughout
Western and Central Europe. In 1999, various European countries decided
to organize the EXAMINE project (Exploitation of Aphid Monitoring
systems IN Europe).
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The information provided by the EXAMINE network

has been very useful in helping to define the role of
aphids, not only as pests but also as vectors of plant
disease (EXAMINE, 2000)

Over the last 20-25 years, computer applications have

focused mainly on simulation models and decisionsupport systems for pest management, and did not make
progress toward extensive use of databases.

Database management systems

In abroad

European and Mediterranean plant

Protection organization
EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for
European cooperation in plant protection in the European
and Mediterranean region.
Under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC),
EPPO is the regional plant protection organization (RPPO) for
Europe.
Founded in 1951, EPPO has grown from 15 original members
to today's 50 member countries, including nearly every
country in the European and Mediterranean region. European
and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)
(http://www.eppo.int/ABOUT_EPPO/about_eppo.htm)
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EPPO Databases
EPPO Databases EPPO Standards on Efficacy
Evaluation of Plant Protection Products
PQR - EPPO database on quarantine pests
EPPO Plant Protection Thesaurus
EPPO database on Diagnostic expertise
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EPPO Plant Quarantine Data Retrieval

System
PQR is theEPPO database on quarantine pests
PQR gives access to data on:
All the pests of the EPPO lists
Pests of theEPPO Alert List
Many other quarantine pests and invasive plants
of interest to other regions of the world

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EPPO Standards on Efficacy Evaluation of Plant

Protection Products
EPPO Standards on Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection
Products The EPPO standards for the efficacy evaluation of
plant protection products (PP1) describe the conduct of
trials carried out to assess the efficacy of plant protection
products against specific pests
The EPPO database contains the electronic versions (pdf
files) of the whole series of EPPO PP1 Standards (more than
270 standards covering a wide range of crops and pests.
This database includes new or revised standards, and
consolidates all existing standards, so that the recent
updates are incorporated and superseded standards are
excluded.
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EPPO Plant Protection Thesaurus

(EPPT
This covers organisms important in agriculture and
crop protection: crops, pests (including pathogens and
weeds), natural enemies, and organisms used in
ecotoxicological studies
At present, about 29,000 species of plants (cultivated
plants, wild plants and weeds), 21,800 species of
animals (especially insects, mites and nematodes) and
7,300 species of microorganisms, including viruses are
included in EPPT ( in total more than 58 000 species )
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EPPO database on Diagnostic

Expertise
EPPO database on Diagnostic Expertise The EPPO
database on Diagnostic Expertise provides an inventory
of the diagnostic expertise available in the EPPO region.
Its aim is to cover the expertise on regulated pests (i.e.
pests of EPPO A1 and A2 Lists, pests mentioned in EPPO
Standards PM4:Production of Healthy Plants for
Planting), pests possibly presenting a risk to EPPO
member countries (EPPO Alert List) and plants of the
EPPO List of invasive alien plants.
This database does not include common pests which are
widely distributed in the EPPO region
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Ecological Database of the World's Insect

Pathogens EDWIP
EDWIPoffers information on fungi, viruses, protozoa,
mollicutes, nematodes, and bacteria that are infectious in
insects, mites, and related arthropods.
EDWIP also includes information on where associations
have been observed, stages and tissues of hosts infected, and
habitats and host ranges of the arthropod hosts.
Developed by Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Sciences , University of Illinois
Practical goals:
1)improving and expanding microbial control of arthropod
pests
2)assessing potential risks posed by microbial control agents.
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An Internet-based Pest Alert and

Management System for Oregon
Based on integrating e-mail, websites, and databases, provides
an electronic means for sharing immediate pest outbreak alerts
, forecasts, and other timely information between growers,
field personnel, extensionists , and researchers
The system encourages to improve pest management
decision-making by stakeholders
Provide information on pest development status and buildup ,
levels of biocontrol agents, and other pest-related occurrences
This integrated system encourages development of area wide
integrated pest management programs

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FLYPAST: Aphid forecasting Database to aid pest

control research and advice
FLYPAST: Aphid forecasting Database to aid pest
control research and advice FLYPAST is an Aphid
forecasting Database developed based on suction
traps data by Rothamsted research station
Prototype decision support systems that use
suction trap data for forecasting outbreaks of the
black bean aphid ( Aphis fabae ) on field beans
and Myzus persicae levels to predict potato virus
Y levels in crops
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Distance Diagnostic and Identification

System (DDIS
Distance Diagnostic and Identification System (DDIS)
The web-based Distance Diagnostic and Identification
System (DDIS) provides a collaboration and
communication tool for extension agents, first detectors,
specialists and diagnosticians to share information on
plant diseases and other pests in Florida
The system uses field data and digital media as a tool
for enhancement of diagnosis of plant disease, insect,
weed, invasive species, plant management, physiology,
and nutrient problems.
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Electronic Integrated Pest Management

Program
Electronic Integrated Pest Management Program The CD was
assembled using data from an existing Internet database that provides
producers with research information
The CD contains comprehensive IPM information that can be accessed
at remote production sites
This saves producers time and money in lieu of calling Extension
agents and specialists
Additional advantages of the CD are that it does not require Internet
connectivity, the database is easy to navigate, and it involves minimal
learning for the user.
The CD was designed to provide the user with assessment tools and
recommendations for specific pest management techniques
As the user answers questions, the key narrows the field of options
until a diagnosis is reached and pest management options are provided
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Expert Integrated Pest Management Decision

Support System
Developed by USDA The vary purpose of the EIPMDSS
program is to support development of expert systems
that help, guide, demonstrate and multiply impacts of
USDA supported IPM programs.
IPM programs thus facilitate:
1) Improve cost benefit analyses
2) Reduce human health risks from pests and related
management strategies
3) Minimize adverse environmental effects from pests and
related management strategies USDA, 2012
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The Australian Plant Pest Database

Distributed database technology links diverse,
geographically isolated databases so that all of
the available data can be accessed from a single
point.
In a sense, the technology creates a single,
virtual national (or regional) database that can
be maintained and regularly updated at the local
level.

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 Internet-based, plant health tool linking databases

associated with plant pest collections in Australia
The APPD can be used to support decisions made with
respect to agricultural trade and emergency pest
management
Information on
1.Pest record (ISPM)
2.Determination of Pest Status in an Area (FAO 1998)
It is possible to search the APPD for over a million insect,
mite, nematode, fungi, bacterial and viral records
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Database management systems In

India

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i kisan
i kisan Ikisan is an agricultural portal, a one-stop
information resource for Indian farmer.
Ikisan provides online, detailed content on crops, crop
management techniques, fertilisers & pesticides and a host
of other agriculture related material. Latest updates on
related markets, products and weather forecasts are also
available.
Ikisan enables farmers to network with other farmers,
suppliers and consumers across the world. Ikisan has been
conceptualised and developed by
It was founded by Shri K V K Raju - An Eternal Source of
Inspiration . He joined Union Carbide of India and stayed
there for 15 years. Fonunded Nagarjuna Group in 1973 with
an investment of US$ 23 million
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Rapeseed-Mustard Plant Protection Expert

System
This system is multilingual and integration of text, image and audio

description of symptoms of mustard diseases and insect-pest.

The system is supported by a database containing information about 11
diseases and 10 insect of rapeseed-mustard. The system involves two
main sub-tasks, namely, diagnosis and management.
Diagnose sub-task finds out the disease and their cause on the bases of text
description and photos of insect-pest and diseases symptoms appears
on different part of plant. Management sub-task provides a
management plan for the diseases and insect-pest. The R-M Doctor
permits only to register user to use the system, guest user can use only
sample of identification of diseases of rapeseed-mustard.
The aims and objectives of the R-M doctor include: To provide the user
friendly online application for identification and management of
rapeseed-mustard disease and insect-pest in Indian scenario. Only for
disease or insect pest
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Online agriculture information and

decision support system
Online agriculture information and decision support
system This was developed to cover 5 major crops of
Wayanad in Kerala, viz : Rice, pepper, coconut, banana
and coffee
A project conceptualized, designed and developed by
Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) and Development
of Rural Institutions for Sustainable Human-Technology
Interface (DRISHTI)with the funding of Rashtriya Sam
Vikas Yojana (RSVY

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GLOBAL LEVEL PROJECTS ON DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

International Database on Insect Disinfestations
and Sterilization (IDIDAS)
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
Area wide pest management (AWPM)
Decision-support systems (DSS)
Web introduction for the Insect Development
Database (IDD)
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Advantages
Precision and timely
The database can assess the relationship between
environmental conditions and the occurrence of
pest/disease outbreaks.
Forecasting and simulation models development
It can provide the data to evaluate the roles of
predators and parasitoids as pest population
regulators.
Quarantine pests analysis
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Limitations
High cost and skilled persons
Remote geographical area
Lack of multidisciplinary approach

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Conclusions
A database application achieves full functionality
when both IT elements and focused areas are
properly organized .
The database concept can contribute to future
progress in IPM, because it forms an information
source for IPM programme development and
implementation.
One exciting and interesting research avenue is
needed in the development of forecasting methods
to predict pest population dynamics in space and
time
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