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    1.3.1.A HydrogenFuelCell

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    Hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to replace fossil fuels as the dominant energy source in the future. Fuel cells work by converting hydrogen gas into electricity through an electrochemical process that produces only water as a byproduct. The first fuel cell was invented in 1839, but they are now being developed for transportation, stationary power sources, and portable electronics due to their clean, efficient operation. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are one of the most promising types and work by facilitating a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces electricity, water, and heat. For widespread adoption, challenges remain around developing affordable hydrogen storage and production from renewable sources.

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    1.3.1.A HydrogenFuelCell

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    Z
    107 views23 pages
    Hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to replace fossil fuels as the dominant energy source in the future. Fuel cells work by converting hydrogen gas into electricity through an electrochemical process that produces only water as a byproduct. The first fuel cell was invented in 1839, but they are now being developed for transportation, stationary power sources, and portable electronics due to their clean, efficient operation. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are one of the most promising types and work by facilitating a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces electricity, water, and heat. For widespread adoption, challenges remain around developing affordable hydrogen storage and production from renewable sources.

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    HydrogenFuelCell PowerPoint

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    1.3.1.A_HydrogenFuelCell

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    Hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to replace fossil fuels as the dominant energy source in the future. Fuel cells work by converting hydrogen gas into electricity through an electrochemical process that produces only water as a byproduct. The first fuel cell was invented in 1839, but they are now being developed for transportation, stationary power sources, and portable electronics due to their clean, efficient operation. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are one of the most promising types and work by facilitating a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces electricity, water, and heat. For widespread adoption, challenges remain around developing affordable hydrogen storage and production from renewable sources.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    107 views23 pages

    1.3.1.A HydrogenFuelCell

    Uploaded by

    Z
    Hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to replace fossil fuels as the dominant energy source in the future. Fuel cells work by converting hydrogen gas into electricity through an electrochemical process that produces only water as a byproduct. The first fuel cell was invented in 1839, but they are now being developed for transportation, stationary power sources, and portable electronics due to their clean, efficient operation. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are one of the most promising types and work by facilitating a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces electricity, water, and heat. For widespread adoption, challenges remain around developing affordable hydrogen storage and production from renewable sources.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23
    At a glance
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    The presentation discusses the history and science of fuel cells as well as their various applications.

    The different types of fuel cells discussed are phosphoric acid (PAFC), alkaline (AFC), polymer electrolyte membrane (PEMFC), direct methanol (DMFC), solid oxide (SOFC), and molten carbonate (MCFC).

    A PEM fuel cell works through electrochemical reactions where hydrogen is oxidized at the anode to produce protons and electrons. The protons pass through the polymer electrolyte membrane while the electrons are used at the cathode to reduce oxygen and produce water, electricity and heat.

    Hydrogen Fuel Cell

    Trends in the Use of Fuel

    W ood

    C oal

    O il

    N a tu r a l
    G as

    H y d ro g e n

    P e rc e n ta g e o f h y d ro g e n c o n te n t in fu e l

    19th century:
    steam engine

    20th century:
    internal combustion engine

    21st century: fuel cells

    The History of Fuel Cells

    Electrolyser

    Groves Gas Battery


    (first fuel cell, 1839)
    (after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)

    Photo courtesy of University of Cambridge

    Bacons laboratory in 1955

    Photo courtesy of NASA

    NASA Space Shuttle fuel cell

    Applications for Fuel Cells


    Transportation vehicles

    Photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler

    NECAR 5

    ApplicationsDistributed
    for Fuel Cells
    power stations

    Photo courtesy of Ballard Power Systems

    250 kW distributed cogeneration power plant

    Applications for Fuel


    Cells
    Home
    power

    Photo courtesy of Plug Power

    7 kW home cogeneration power plant

    Portable
    power
    Applications for Fuel
    Cells

    50 W portable fuel cell with metal hydride storage

    The Science of Fuel Cells


    Alkaline
    (AFC)
    Polymer
    Polymer
    Electrolyte
    Electrolyte
    Membrane
    Membrane
    (PEMFC)
    (PEMFC)

    Phosphoric
    Acid
    (PAFC)

    Types of
    Fuel Cells
    Molten Carbonate
    (MCFC)

    Direct
    DirectMethanol
    Methanol
    (DMFC)
    (DMFC)

    Solid
    SolidOxide
    Oxide
    (SOFC)
    (SOFC)

    PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemical Reactions


    Anode:
    H2

    2H+ + 2e- (oxidation)

    Cathode:
    1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+

    H2O (l) (reduction)

    Overall Reaction:
    H2 + 1/2 02

    H2O (l)

    H = - 285.8 kJ/mole

    A Simple PEM Fuel Cell


    Hydrogen + Oxygen Electricity + Water

    Water

    Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)


    Catalysis

    Oxidation
    4e -

    Transport
    H2

    Platinumcatalyst

    2H2

    Resistance

    4H+
    Nafion

    O2
    H2 O

    Anode

    H+

    Cathode

    Polymer
    electrolyte
    (i.e. Nafion)

    PlatinumKcatalyst

    Reduction

    4e -

    O2

    Nafion
    Carbon cloth

    Carbon cloth

    4H+
    Nafion

    2H2 O

    Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

    Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) chains

    Water collects
    around the
    clusters of
    hydrophylic
    sulphonate
    side chains

    Sulphonic Acid

    50-175 microns
    (2-7 sheets of paper)

    (after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)

    Thermodynamics of PEM Fuel Cells


    Change in enthalpy (H)

    = - 285,800 J/mole

    Gibbs free energy (G)

    = H - TS

    G at 25 C:

    = - 285,800 J - (298K)(-163.2J/K)
    = - 237,200 J

    Ideal cell voltage ( E)


    E at 25 C

    = - G/(nF)
    = - [-237,200 J/((2)(96,487 J/V))]
    = 1.23 V

    G at operating temperature (80 C):

    = - 285,800 J - (353K)(163.2 J/K)


    = - 228,200 J

    E at 80 C

    = - [-228,200 J/((2)(96,487 J/V))]


    = 1.18 V

    Characteristic Curve

    Power Curve

    activation losses
    + internal currents

    1.2
    1
    0.8

    concentration
    losses

    V 0.6

    1.5
    1

    0.2

    0.5

    0
    1

    0.4

    MPP

    2.5

    ohmic
    losses

    Factors Affecting Curve:


    activation losses
    fuel crossover and
    internal currents
    ohmic losses
    mass transport or
    concentration losses

    Max Power Point (MPP):

    dP
    0
    dI

    Hydrogen Storage

    56 L
    14 L
    9.9 L

    Compressed gas
    (200 bar)

    Liquid hydrogen

    Liters to store 1 kg hydrogen

    MgH2
    metal hydride

    Hydrogen: Energy Forever


    H2

    Fuel tank

    Reformer

    Hydrogen bottles

    H2

    H2

    Algae

    H2

    Hydrogen bottles

    Electrolyser

    Solar panel

    H2

    H2

    Hydrogen bottles

    Renewable Energy Sources

    O xygen
    H 2
    S to ra g e

    S o la r C e ll

    O xygen
    Fuel
    C e ll

    E le c tr o ly z e r

    W in d
    W a te r

    W a te r

    M ic r o h y d r o

    As long as the sun shines, the wind blows, or the rivers flow, there
    can be clean, safe, and sustainable electrical power, where and
    when required, with a solar hydrogen energy system

    The Benefits of Fuel Cells


    Clean

    Modular

    Quiet

    Benefits of
    Fuel Cells
    Safe

    Sustainable

    Efficient

    Our Fragile Planet.


    We have the responsibility to mind the planet so
    that the extraordinary natural beauty of the Earth
    is preserved for generations to come.
    Heliocentris: Science education through
    fuel cells 22

    Photo courtesy of NASA

    Presentation courtesy of Heliocentris

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