12 National Certification Examination - October, 2011 FOR Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
12 National Certification Examination - October, 2011 FOR Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
12 National Certification Examination - October, 2011 FOR Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
Date: 16.10.2011
Duration: 3 HRS
S-1
Ans
Marks: 8 x 5 = 40
Briefly explain transformer losses and how the total transformer losses at any load level can be computed.
Transformer losses consist of two parts: No-load loss and Load loss
1.
No-load loss (also called core loss) is the power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in the transformer's steel
core. Core loss occurs whenever the transformer is energized; core loss does not vary with load. Core losses are
caused by two factors: hysteresis and eddy current losses. Hysteresis loss is that energy lost by reversing the
magnetic field in the core as the magnetizing AC rises and falls and reverses direction. Eddy current loss is a
result of induced currents circulating in the core.
2.
Load loss (also called copper loss) is associated with full-load current flow in the transformer windings. Copper
loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the
windings. Copper loss varies with the square of the load current. (P=I2R).
For a given transformer, the manufacturer can supply values for no-load loss, PNO-LOAD, and load loss, PLOAD. The total
transformer loss, PTOTAL, at any load level can then be calculated from:
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD
Where transformer loading is known, the actual transformers loss at given load can be computed as:
=
S-2
N o load loss +
kV A Load
R ated kV A
A 15 kW, 3 phase, 415 V induction motor draws 25 A and 12 kW input power at 410 V. Calculate the Apparent
and Reactive Power drawn by the motor at the operating load?
Ans
Apparent power
Reactive power
Active power
= 12 kW
Therefore reactive power = sqrt (315.2-144)
= sqrt (171.2) = 13.08 kVAr
S-3
Ans
Minimising excess air level in combustion systems to reduce FD fan and ID fan load.
_______________________
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Minimising air in-leaks in hot flue gas path to reduce ID fan load, especially in case of kilns, boiler plants,
furnaces, etc. Cold air in-leaks increase ID fan load tremendously, due to density increase of flue gases and
in-fact choke up the capacity of fan, resulting as a bottleneck for boiler / furnace itself.
In-leaks / out-leaks in air conditioning systems also have a major impact on energy efficiency and fan power
consumption and need to be minimized.
The findings of performance assessment trials will automatically indicate potential areas for improvement, which could
be one or a more of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
S-4
A water pump of a process plant is analysed for efficiency and following data is collected:
Flow - 50 m3/hr, Suction head -3 meters, Discharge head - 27 meter, meters, Power drawn by motor 7.5 kW,
Motor efficiency 88%
Determine the pump efficiency
Hydraulic power
3.27 kW
7.5x 0.88
6.6 kW
Pump efficiency
3.27/6.6
49.54%
S-5
Ans
Distinguish between NPSH available and NPSH required in case of a centrifugal pump ?
NPSH Required (NPSHR): The minimum pressure required at the suction port of the pump to keep the pump from
cavitating.
NPSHA is a function of pumping system and must be calculated, whereas NPSHR is a function of the pump and must
be provided by the pump manufacturer. NPSHA must be greater than NPSHR for the pump system to operate
without cavitating. Put another way, you must have more suction side pressure available than the pump requires.
S-6
A DG set is operating at 600 kW load with 450OC exhaust gas temperature. The DG set generates 8 kg of
exhaust gas/ kWh generated. The specific heat of gas at 450oC is 0.25 kCal/ kgOC. A heat recovery boiler is
installed after which the exhaust temperature drops to 230OC. How much steam will be generated at 3 kg/ cm2
with enthalpy of 650.57 kCal/ kg. Assume boiler feed water temperature as 80oC.
Ans
= 600 kWh x 8 kg gas generated/ kWh output x 0.25 kCal/ kg oC x (450oC-230 oC) =2,64,000 kCal/hr
Steam generation = 2,64,000 kCal/hr / (650.57 80) = 462.7 kg/ hr.
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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Ans
An energy audit of a fan was carried out. It was observed that the fan was delivering 16,000 Nm3/hr of air with
static pressure rise of 55 mm WC. The power measurement of the 3-phase induction motor coupled with the
fan recorded 2.1 kW/ phase on an average. The motor operating efficiency was assessed as 86% from the
motor performance curves. What would be the fan static efficiency?.
Q = 16,000 Nm3 / hr.= 4.444 m3/sec ,
SP = 55 mmWC,
St = ?,
Power input to motor= 2.1x3=6.3 kW
Power input to fan shaft=6.3 x0.86=5.418 kW
Fan static =
=
=
=
S-8
Discuss in brief any three methods by which energy can be saved in a building air conditioning system
Ans
a)
Cold Insulation
Insulate all cold lines / vessels using economic insulation thickness to minimize heat gains; and choose
appropriate (correct) insulation.
b)
Building Envelop
Optimise air conditioning volumes by measures such as use of false ceiling and segregation of critical areas for
air conditioning by air curtains.
c)
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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Marks: 6 x 10 = 60
An energy audit of electricity bills of a process plant was conducted. The plant has a contract demand of 5000
kVA with the power supply company. The average maximum demand of the plant is 3850 kVA/month at a
power factor of 0.95. The maximum demand is billed at the rate of Rs.600/kVA/month. The minimum billable
maximum demand is 75 % of the contract demand. An incentive of 0.5 % reduction in energy charges
component of electricity bill are provided for every 0.01 increase in power factor over and above 0.95. The
average energy charge component of the electricity bill per month for the plant is Rs.18 lakhs.
The plant decides to improve the power factor to unity. Determine the power factor capacitor kVAr required,
annual reduction in maximum demand charges and energy charge component. What will be the simple
payback period if the cost of power factor capacitors is Rs.900/kVAr.
Ans
kW drawn
3850 x 0.95 =
3657.5 kW
kW ( tan 1 tan 2)
kW ( tan (cos-1) tan (cos-2)
3657.5 ( tan (cos-0.95) tan (cos-1)
3657.5(0.329 - 0)
1203 x 900 kVAr
Rs.10,82,700
s
_______________________
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
2.5 %
Rs.18,00,000
18,00,000 x (2.5/100)
Rs.45,000/month
Rs.45,000 x 12
Rs.5,40,000
Rs.7,20,000+ 5,40,000= 12,60,000
Rs.10,82,700
10,82,700/12,60,000
0.859 years or 10.31months
Ans
L-3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A free air delivery test was carried out before conducting a leakage test on a reciprocating air compressor in
an engineering industry and following were the observations:
Receiver capacity
Initial pressure
Final pressure
Additional hold-up volume
Atmospheric pressure
Compressor pump-up time
:
:
:
:
:
:
8.0 m3
0.1 kg / cm2g
7.0 kg / cm2g
0.3 m3
1.026 kg / cm2 abs.
3.5 minutes
Further the following observations were made during the conduct of leakage test during the lunch time when
no pneumatic equipment/ control valves were in operation:
a) Compressor on load time is 24 seconds and unloading pressure is 7 kg/cm2g
b) Average power drawn by the compressor during loading is 92 kW
c) Compressor
unload
time
and
loading
pressure
are
79
kg/cm2 g respectively.
seconds
and
6.6
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
1.026 3.5
= 15.9482 m3/minute
956.89 m3/hr
:
(ii)
:
power consumption
92 kW
24 secs.
79 secs
T
x 100
( T + t)
24
x 100
(24 + 79)
23.3%
0.233x956.89
iv)
956.89 m3/hr
output
Leakage quantity
:222.955 m3/hr
v)
L-4
a)
:
:
21.43 kW
In a Thermal Power Station, steam input to a turbine operating on a fully condensing mode is 110
Tonnes/Hr. The heat rejection requirement of the steam turbine condenser is 556 kCals/kg of steam
condensed. The cooling water temperatures at the inlet to and outlet from the turbine condenser were
measured to be 29oC and 38o C respectively. Find out the circulating cooling water flow.
b) An energy audit was conducted to find out the ton of refrigeration (TR) of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). The
audit observations are as under.
Parameter
AHU
9.5
1.9
21.5
RH (%)
75.0
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
53.0
17.4
RH (%)
90.0
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
46.4
1.14
_______________________
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
a)
Heat rejected = Heat pickup by cooling water
Steam flow rate x heat rejection = cooling water flow rate x Cp x T
110 (TPH) x 1000 (kg/T) x 556 = Cooling water flow rate x 1 kCal/kg oC x (38-29) oC
Cooling water flow rate = 6795.55 m3/hr
b)
TR =
Q (h in h out )
3024
L-5
a) The efficiency at various stages from power plant to end-use is given below.
Efficiency of power generation in the power plant - 30 %
T & D losses
- 23 %
Distribution loss of the plant
- 6 %.
Equipment end use efficiency
- 65 %.
What is the overall cascade system efficiency from generation to end-use?
b) The energy audit observations at a cooling tower (CT) in a process industry are given below:
Cooling Water (CW) Flow : 3000 m3/hr
CW in Temperature: 41deg. C
CW Out Temperature: 31 deg C
Wet Bulb Temperature: 24 deg. C
Find out Range, Approach, Effectiveness and cooling tower capacity in kCal per hour of the CT ?
Ans
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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
L-6
Ans
i)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Trigeneration
(v)
Building fenestration
Ideally capacitor voltage rating is to match the supply voltage. If the supply voltage is lower, the reactive kVAr
2
produced will be the ratio V /V where V is the actual supply voltage, V is the rated voltage.
1
ii) Impeller trimming refers to the process of machining the diameter of an impeller to reduce the energy added to
the system fluid.
Impeller trimming offers a useful correction to pumps that, through overly conservative design practices or changes in
system loads are oversized for their application. The laws with respect to impeller trimming will be
Flow, Q D
Head, H D 2
Power, P D 3
iii)
The equations relating centrifugal machine performance parameters of flow, head and power absorbed, to
speed are known as the Affinity Laws:
Flow, Q N
Head, H N 2
Power, P N 3
Where,
Q = Flow rate
H = Head or resistance
P = Power absorbed
N = Rotating speed
iv) Trigeneration refers to simultaneous generation of steam (heat), power and refrigeration through integrated
systems. . For example in a DG set besides power is generated, Steam is produced with waste exhaust gases and
Chilled water is generated using jacket cooling water. Three different utilities are created using a single fuel as energy
source.
v) Fenestration systems include windows, skylights, ventilators, and doors that are more than one-half glazed. All
openings (including the frames) in the building envelope that let in light. Total area of the fenestration measured using
the rough opening (including glazing, sash and frame). For glass doors where glazed vision area is less than 50% of
the door area, the fenestration area is the glazed vision area; otherwise, it is the door area.
_______________________
Bureau of Energy Efficiency